Stephania (died 868) was a Roman noblewoman and the wife of Pope Adrian II. Upon her husband's election to the papacy in 867, she resided in the Lateran Palace. She and her daughter were abducted and later murdered by her son-in-law, Eleutherius, in 868. Her abduction and death was described in the chronicle Annales Bertiniani by Saint Hincmar.
| Stephania | |
|---|---|
| Popess of Rome | |
| Born | unknown 868 |
| Spouse | Pope Adrian II |
| Issue | 1 |
Biography
editStephania married the future Adrian II before he took his vows as a priest [1] and had a daughter with him.[2][3][4] Adrian was at the relatively advanced age of seventy-five at the time of his election as Pope.[5] Catholic priests had been required to abstain from all further sexual relations since the 4th century at the latest.[6] However, in this time period, it was not yet forbidden for Catholic priests to marry, only an ideal: the formal celibacy for priests was not introduced until the Second Council of the Lateran in 1139.
Stephania was still alive when Adrian II was elected pope in 867. Her position was almost unique. While six popes in total had been married at some point, Adrian II was likely the only one married during his papacy, while the others appear to have been widowed by the time they became popes.[citation needed] The last married pope had been Hormisdas three centuries prior, and he was widowed when he became pope. The wives of Catholic priests were called by the female version of their husband's title, which would have made Stephania "popess". Stephania and her daughter lived with Adrian in the Lateran Palace.[7][8]
The daughter of Adrian II and Stephania married Eleutherius, a relative of the Papal librarian Anastasius Bibliothecarius. However, Eleutherius withheld the fact that he was already espoused to another.[9] In 868, Stephania and her daughter were abducted by Eleutherius and murdered by him.[10] Eleutherius was condemned to death for the abduction and murder. His relative Anastasius Bibliothecarius was accused of having conspired to the abduction and excomunicated.
The abduction and murder of the pope's wife and daughter attracted a lot of attention and was described in the third part of the famous chronicle Annales Bertiniani by Bishop Hincmar in Pertz, Mon. Germanica vol. 1.[11]
References
edit- ^ Loughlin, James Francis (1907). "Pope Adrian II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Riche, Pierre (1993), The Carolingians, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 9780812213423
- ^ The Religion of Rome described by a Roman: Authorised translation by William p. 293
- ^ Fernand Mourret: A History of the Catholic Church, Volym 3. B. Herder Book Company, 1946
- ^ Loughlin, James Francis (1907). "Pope Adrian II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Helen Parish (2016). Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700. Taylor and Francis. pp. 49–51. ISBN 9781317165163.
- ^ Dopierała, K. (1996). Księga Papieży. Poznań: Pallotinum. p. 106.
- ^ Riche, Pierre, The Carolingians
- ^ Alexander Penrose Forbes Articles XXII to end 637
- ^ Dopierała, K. (1996). Księga Papieży. Poznań: Pallotinum. p. 106.
- ^ William Cornwallis Cartwright On Papal Conclaves 123
Works cited
edit- William Cornwallis Cartwright On Papal Conclaves 123
- Alexander Penrose Forbes Articles XXII to end 637
- The Religion of Rome described by a Roman: Authorised translation by William Howitt 293
- Richard Wigginton Thompson The Papacy and the Civil Power