Stanley Smith Stevens (November 4, 1906 – January 18, 1973)[1] was an American psychologist who founded Harvard's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, studying psychoacoustics,[2] and he is credited with the introduction of Stevens's power law. Stevens authored a milestone textbook, the 1400+ page Handbook of Experimental Psychology (1951). He was also one of the founding organizers of the Psychonomic Society. In 1946 he introduced a theory of levels of measurement widely used by scientists but whose use in some areas of statistics has been criticized.[3] In addition, Stevens played a key role in the development of the use of operational definitions in psychology.[4]
A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Stevens as the 52nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.[5] He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[6] the United States National Academy of Sciences,[7] and the American Philosophical Society.[8]
Life
editStevens was born in Ogden, Utah, to Stanley and Adeline (Smith) Stevens and educated in Latter-day Saint-affiliated schools in Salt Lake City, Utah. He spent much of his childhood in the polygamous household of his maternal grandfather Orson Smith. At the death of his parents in 1924, he spent the next 3 years on an LDS mission in Switzerland and Belgium. He attended the University of Utah from 1927 to 1929 and Stanford University for the next two years, graduating with an A.B. in psychology in 1931.
Shortly after arriving in Massachusetts to begin a Ph.D., he left the LDS church, but continued to struggle with conflicting ideas of faith and science.[4] After two years of graduate study, he received his Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University, where he served under Edwin Boring as assistant in psychology, from 1932 to 1934.
The following year he spent studying physiology under Hallowell Davis at Harvard Medical School, and in 1935 served as a research fellow in physics at Harvard for a year. In 1936, Stevens accepted a position as an instructor in experimental psychology at Harvard University.[9]
He married Maxine Leonard in 1930 and had a son, Peter Smith Stevens, in 1936.[9] He married Geraldine Stone, who had worked in the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory from its inception, in 1963.
Science of Science discussion group
editStevens played a key role in organising the Science of Science discussion group in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which met on eight occasions from October 1940 to mid-1941. Stevens, who was noted for the clarity of his scientific writing, attracted to the group a number of participants whose aim was the "debabelisation of science". The group was also influenced by the 5th Congress of the Unity of Science, which had been held at Harvard University in September 1939 and featured a number of well-known scientists from different disciplines.[10]
Work
editStevens' experimental and theoretical work lay primarily in the fields of psychophysics and psychoacoustics. One of his most influential contributions was his definition of a measurement scale defined by four types: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. (see Level of measurement) [11] He is the author of the operational theory of measurement, which “...in the broadest sense, is defined as the assignment of numerals to objects or events according to rules.”[12] In fact, the definition paraphrased Campbell's note from the Final Report of the so-called Ferguson's committee (joint committee of sections A, Mathametical and Physical Sciences, and J, Psychology, of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, helded 1932–1940).[13] Stevens just omitted or extended some of Campbell's assumptions. While Campbell considered additivity to be a necessary condition, Stevens considered any rule to fit the definition. His goal was to overcome the committee's conclusion concerning the possibility of measurement in psychology.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Miller, George A. (1975). Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 47. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-309-02245-3.
- ^ "Obituary: S. Smith Stevens". Physics Today. 26 (5): 81. May 1973. doi:10.1063/1.3128068.
- ^ Velleman, Paul F.; Wilkinson, Leland (1993). "Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio typologies are misleading". The American Statistician. 47 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1080/00031305.1993.10475938. JSTOR 2684788.
- ^ a b Nicholson (2005). From the Book of Mormon to the Operational Definition: The Existential Project of S.S. Stevens. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198037606. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- ^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
- ^ "Stanley Smith Stevens". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
- ^ "Stanley S. Stevens". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
- ^ a b Miller, George A. (1974). "Stanley Smith Stevens: 1906–1973". American Journal of Psychology. 87 (1/2): 279–288. JSTOR 1422022.
- ^ Hardcastle (2003). "Debabelizing Science: The Harvard Science of Science Discussion Group, 1940–41". In Richardson, Alan W.; Hardcastle, Gary L. (eds.). Logical Empiricism in North America. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 170–196.
- ^ [1], 2001, pp. 15105–15108
- ^ Stevens, S. S. (June 7, 1946). "On the Theory of Scales of Measurement". Science. 103 (2684): 677–680. doi:10.1126/science.103.2684.677.
- ^ Ferguson, A., Myers, C. S., Bartlett, R. J., Banister, H., Bartlett, F. C., Brown, W., ..., & Tucker, W. S. "Final report of the committee appointed to consider and report upon the possibility of quantitative estimates of sensory events". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 2: 331–349.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Smelser, Neil J.; Paul B. Baltes (2001). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (PDF). Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier. pp. 15105–15108. ISBN 0-08-043076-7.
- Nicholson, I. (2000). "S.S. Stevens". In Alan E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press. ISBN 978-1-55798-187-5
- Nicholson, I. (2005). "From the Book of Mormon to the Operational Definition: The Existential Project of S.S. Stevens". In William Todd. Schultz (Ed.), Handbook of Psychobiography (pp. 285–298). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516827-3
Further reading
edit- Stevens, Stanley Smith (June 7, 1946). "On the Theory of Scales of Measurement" (PDF). Science. 103 (2684): 677–680. Bibcode:1946Sci...103..677S. doi:10.1126/science.103.2684.677. PMID 17750512.