Sri Krishnan Temple (Tamil: ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ணன் கோயில், transl. Srī kiruṣṇaṉ kōyil) is a Hindu temple in Singapore.[1] Built in 1870 and gazetted as a national monument of Singapore in 2014, it is one of Singapore's oldest temples and is the only South Indian temple in Singapore dedicated to Krishna and his consort Rukmini.[2][3][4] The Sri Krishnan Temple and the nearby Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple are known for having evolved a social practice termed "cross-worshipping", where many devotees of either temple also worship at the other. This practice is commonly seen as a microcosm of Singapore's multi-religious society.[5][6][7][8]
| Sri Krishnan Temple | |
|---|---|
ஸ்ரீ கிருஷ்ணன் கோயில் Srī kiruṣṇaṉ kōyil in Tamil | |
 Sri Krishnan Temple in August 2021 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| Deity | Krishna, Rukmini |
| Governing body | Pakirisamy Sivaraman, Hindu Endowments Board |
| Location | |
| Location | Singapore |
.svg)  Shown within Singapore | |
| Geographic coordinates | 1°18′02″N 103°51′01″E / 1.3005°N 103.8503°E |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Dravidian |
| Creator | Hanuman Beem Singh |
| Completed | 1870, rebuilt 1933 |
| Criteria | Historic, traditional, archaeological, architectural or artistic value |
| Designated | 6 June 2014 |
History
editThe temple began as a shrine laid in 1870 by a Hindu immigrant, Hanuman Beem Singh, a wealthy merchant who had been deported to Singapore by the British administration in India. By that time, a large Hindu community had formed within the bounds of Bras Basah Road, Victoria Street and Albert Street. In response to their religious needs, Singh placed the images of the Hindu deities Vigneshwar and Krishna at the foot of a banyan tree and began praying to it regularly. As it became a popular site of worship, he built a platform to hold Krishna's image. Singh managed the temple until 1880, when he became too old to do so.[4] He then handed over responsibility to his son, Humna Somapah, who managed it until 1904.[9]
In 1904, management of the temple passed to Somapah's niece, Joognee Ammal. In 1933, Ammal had the main shrine built and consecrated, using donations from the prominent brothers Naraina Pillai and Pakirisamy Pillai. Ammal passed on responsibility for the temple to Pakirisamy in 1934, and he remained in this role until his passing in 1984. After that, this role passed to his son, Sivaraman, who remains Chairman of the temple today.[3] After taking over, Sivaraman sponsored an extensive renovation between 1985 and 1989, and the temple was reconsecrated in a Mahakumbhabhishekham ceremony in November 1989, attended by the Minister for Community Development and Foreign Affairs Wong Kan Seng.[10] On 6 June 2014, the temple's gopuram, mandapa and boundary walls were gazetted for conservation as a national monument of Singapore.[3] The temple was renovated again in 2002, and thereafter between 2016 and 2018, at a cost of S$4 million.[10] It was reconsecrated in 2018 at a 48-day long Mahakumbabishekham ceremony, attended by S. Iswaran, Edwin Tong and Denise Phua and an estimated 10,000 devotees.[11][12][13]
Location and practices
editThe temple is known for its celebrations of Deepavali and Krishna Jayanthi. It is located on Waterloo Street, next to the Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple, and near a Methodist chapel and the Maghain Aboth Synagogue.[4] It is re-sanctified every 12 to 15 years.[14]
Over time, a practice of cross-worshipping has evolved between devotees of the Sri Krishnan Temple and the Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple.[15][16] Both temples are affiliated with polytheistic religions: Hinduism and the Chinese folk religion. It is not clear when this practice started, but it was limited to a small number of people in the early-to-mid 1980s, when Sivaraman placed a small urn at the entrance for Chinese worshippers to place their joss sticks. In the late 1980s, a seller of Hainanese chicken rice donated a larger urn, worth approximately S$1,000, to hold the joss sticks. The urn is inscribed with the words "Waterloo Chicken Rice" and remains in use today.[17] Some time later, the temple administration has added a statue of Guanyin inside their temple, and designated a zone within the temple compound for Buddhist worshippers to offer joss sticks.[6] In 2017, the number of Chinese worshippers at the Sri Krishnan Temple was estimated at 100 per day, increasing to 400 a day on weekends, and peaking at 1,000 on the first day and the 15th day of every lunar month.[7] This practice been described as a reflection of the distinct regional identity unique to diaspora communities such as Singapore's, and has been observed in other space-constrained diaspora communities such as George Town, in Penang.[7]
Layout
editThe temple was built over time, in the classical Dravidian architectural style, and in accordance with the Agama Sastra. It has been described as having a "sturdy" look and design, with multiple pilasters and cornices. In the 1970s, it remained undamaged in a fire which broke out in the vicinity of the temple, burning down all the nearby attap houses.[3]
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The full compound spans 1,008 square metres (10,850 sq ft) and contains a mandapa of 220 square metres (2,400 sq ft), with a vimana, or dome, directly over the garbhagriha, or inner sanctum. The temple hall features a skylight, enabling worshippers to look upwards and see the dome from within the mandapa. It is complemented by an annexe building of 788 square metres (8,480 sq ft) in size, containing a basement of multi-purpose rooms. The main shrine is made of pebbles and granite.[3] The vimana is the tallest point of the temple, at a height of approximately 8 metres (26 ft). It is decorated with statues of deities, as well as with designs in copper and gold plating.
The second tallest point of the temple is the gopuram (or gateway tower), one of the gazetted features of the temple. It is decorated with statues studded with semi-precious stones depicting the wedding scene of Padmavathi and Srinivasar, presided over by the local king, Aksaraja, and in the presence of the gods Siva, Brahma and their consorts. On the sides of the gopuram are statues of Garuda and Anjaneyar, the vanara companion of the god Rama. The exterior is decorated with statues of the dashavatara (the ten major incarnations of the Hindu god Vishnu), Garuda, and a wedding scene.[13][4][10] In the renovation completed in 2018, eight concrete shrines were replaced with onyx sanctums to improve durability, in view of a decreasing number of temple artists. The same renovation saw the upgrade of the shrines, pillars, ceiling and temple dome.[14]
References
edit- ^ "Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey". Asian Architecture. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
- ^ Wee, L. (2000, July 13). Krishna for kids and grown-ups. The Straits Times, p. 78. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
- ^ a b c d e Singh, Bryna (2 April 2016). "146-year-old Sri Krishnan Temple evolved from makeshift shrine to temple compound". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Sri Krishnan Temple". Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ Wong, Derek (4 June 2018). "Sri Krishnan Temple re-sanctified after $4 million restoration". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
Mr Iswaran said the temple shows how Singaporeans share in one another's beliefs and culture, leading to a sense of community and mutual respect.
- ^ a b Mah, James (5 December 2019). "Sri Krishnan Temple: Doing and Making Sense of a Shared Multi-sensorial, Multi-religious Space in Singapore". The Jugaad Project. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
This is not to say that the sociality in the Hindu temple is congruent to the one depicted in Chau's article – the former is mediated by a common gestural language and abetted by the priests' tolerant attitudes while the latter is predicated upon intense social discourse.
- ^ a b c "In historic Kampong Bencoolen, a thriving league of faiths". TODAYonline. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
A walk along the historic Kampong Bencoolen area is a journey across faiths, living proof of Singapore's multiracial, multi-cultural, multi-religious society.
- ^ Wee, Cheryl Faith (2014-08-15). "Religious melting pot in Waterloo St". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
"The area in Waterloo Street epitomises the multi-religious aspect of Singapore," said local urban historian Lai Chee Kien.
- ^ "Singapore: Sri Krishnan Temple". universes-in-universe.de. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
- ^ a b c orientalarchitecture.com. "Sri Krishnan Temple, Singapore". Asian Architecture. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
- ^ hermesauto (2018-06-03). "10,000 devotees attend consecration of 148-year-old Sri Krishnan Temple". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
- ^ Wong, Derek (4 June 2018). "Sri Krishnan Temple re-sanctified after $4 million restoration". The New Paper. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ a b Thulaja, Naidu Ratnala. "Sri Krishnan Temple | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
- ^ a b Wong, Derek (4 June 2018). "Sri Krishnan Temple re-sanctified after $4 million restoration". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Sri Krishnan Temple | Singapore Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
Pragmatic worshippers from the neighbouring Buddhist Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple also burn joss sticks here for extra insurance.
- ^ Wee, Cheryl Faith (2014-08-15). "Religious melting pot in Waterloo St". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
But devotees of one temple spill over to the other; the area overflows with fortune tellers, sellers of fresh chrysanthemum and lotus flowers, and cheerful refrains of "Miss, do you want to buy flowers?"
- ^ Wee, Cheryl Faith (2014-08-15). "Religious melting pot in Waterloo St". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
Tendrils of incense rise from joss sticks in an urn with the inscription "Waterloo Chicken Rice" in front of the entrance to the Hindu temple.