Squatting (known in Spanish as okupa) in Peru is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. From the 1940s onwards, land invasions created shanty towns which were first called barriadas and later pueblos jóvenes. They were initially repressed, then the government decided upon toleration and by 1998 it was estimated 2.5 million inhabitants were living in this way in the capital Lima. There are also slum tenements in the centre known as solares or tugurios, and a "Wall of Shame" has been built to separate rich and poor areas of the city. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in the occupation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as Caral and the Nazca Lines was reported.
Early history
editSquatting in Peru follows the trajectory of other Latin American cities, in that factors such as internal migration to urban areas, lack of affordable housing and ineffective governance have resulted in large informal settlements.[1] Peruvian law states that squatters on both public and private land cannot be evicted if they have stayed there for over 24 hours. Instead, they can apply for legal title at court and if the land has not been developed over the previous decade, they can expect to win the case.[2]
From the 1940s onwards, groups of families made land invasions to acquire homes and were often evicted forcibly, until government policy gradually changed to toleration.[3] Many haciendas (large farms) were squatted in the 1950s by mestizo peasants and most occupations were tolerated.[4] These mostly squatted settlements known as barriadas made up 4 per cent of new homes in 1940 and nearly 70 per cent in 1985.[5][6] The rapid growth of the capital Lima is shown by estimates of the squatter population being 5,000 in 1942, 130,000 in 1958, 338,000 in 1962 and 500,000 in 1966.[7] By the 2000s, the shanty towns were known as pueblos jóvenes ("young towns") and housed an estimated 35 per cent of the population of Lima. Most pueblos jóvenes are however assisted by the city authorities which try to provide infrastructure; others arise spontaneously as squats and a smaller proportion are built on land bought by cooperatives.[8] By 1998, almost 2.5 million inhabitants of Lima lived in pueblos jóvenes, out of a total population of over 6.8 million.[8] The term tugurio refers to the separate phenomenon of urban slum tenements, although residents prefer the official term solares. Around 25 per cent of Lima's population lives in these dilapidated tenement blocks.[8]
From the 1980s onwards, a wall was built in Lima to separate rich settlements such as La Molina and Santiago de Surco from pueblos jóvenes such as San Juan de Miraflores and Villa María del Triunfo. It became known as the "Wall of Shame" (Muro de la Vergüenza) and by 2019 was ten kilometres (6.2 mi) long.[9] The wall means that people who work service jobs in affluent areas must commute for several hours to work.[10] The informal settlement Villa El Salvador was squatted in 1971 and quickly grew to have a population of 25,000. By 2008, its population was 350,000 and many squatters had title to their land, although all expansion of the site continues to be illegal. The United Front of the Peoples of Peru (FUPP, Frente Unitario de los Pueblos del Perú) represents inhabitants of informal settlements and has its headquarters at Villa El Salvador.[11]
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Internal conflict
editAs part of the internal conflict in Peru, the Shining Path have used squatting as a tactic to gain support. On 28 July 1990, to coincide with Peruvian Independence Day, the Shining Path led an occupation in Ate-Vitarte, a district of Lima. The site was then named Raucana after Félix Raucana, one of two people who died in clashes with the police. A planned eviction in 1991 was called off after the Shining Path bombed a factory belonging to the owner.[12]
21st century
editDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, a national lockdown was announced. Squatters took advantage of the lessened security presence to move onto an archaeological investigation at Caral, an ancient city developed between 3,000 and 1,800 BC, which was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009. The occupiers planted trees and beans, and after being asked to leave sent death threats to archaeologist Ruth Shady.[13] Squatters also encroached on another heritage site, the Nazca Lines. Officials from the Ministry of Culture alleged that the shacks constructed by squatters had destroyed an ancient cemetery.[14]
References
edit- ^ Everett, Margaret (1999). "Human Rights and Evictions of the Urban Poor in Colombia". Land Lines (in Spanish). Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ Levinson, David (21 June 2004). Encyclopedia of Homelessness. SAGE. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-7619-2751-8. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ Andrews, Frank M.; Phillips, George W. (1970). "The Squatters of Lima: Who They Are and What They Want". The Journal of Developing Areas. 4 (2): 211–224. ISSN 0022-037X. JSTOR 4189671. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ Bobic, Michael P. "Peru's Shining Path: Revolution's End". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Chambers, Bill (2005). "The Barriadas of Lima: Slums of Hope or Despair? Problems or Solutions?". Geography. 90 (3): 200–224. doi:10.1080/00167487.2005.12094134. ISSN 0016-7487. JSTOR 40574091. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ Giugale, Marcelo; Cibils, Vicente Fretes (2007). An Opportunity for a Different Peru: Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable. World Bank Publications. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-8213-6863-3. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ Manaster, Kenneth A. (1968). "Squatters and the Law: The Relevance of the United States Experience to Current Problems in Developing Countries". Tulane Law Review. 43.
- ^ a b c Riofrío, Gustavo. "The case of Lima, Peru" (PDF). Urban Slums Reports. UCL. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ Campoamor, Leigh (2019). "Lima's Wall(s) of Shame: In the hills of Lima, a concrete wall divides a poor neighborhood from a wealthy gated community, marking a border defined by centuries of structural neglect". NACLA Report on the Americas. 51 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1080/10714839.2019.1593686. S2CID 167067331.
- ^ Janetsky, Megan (7 September 2019). "Lima's 'Wall of Shame' and the Art of Building Barriers". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Dosh, Paul (10 April 2008). "Incremental Gains: Lima's Tenacious Squatters' Movement". NACLA. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Pike, Johen (September 1992). "Sendero File". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ "Oldest city in the Americas under threat from squatters". Science X. 19 January 2021. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Taj, Mitra (15 August 2012). "Pigs and squatters threaten Peru's Nazca lines". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
Further reading
edit- Mc Elroy, Stephen A. (2000). "Examining in situ accretion: The acceleration of housing consolidation in Villa El Salvador". Revista Geográfica (127): 147–181. ISSN 0031-0581. JSTOR 40992788.