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Federated States of Micronesia

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This article is about the sovereign state in Oceania. For the geographical region it lies within, see Micronesia.

The Federated States of Micronesia (/ˌmaɪkroʊˈniːʒə/ ⓘ; abbreviated FSM), or simply Micronesia, is an island country in Micronesia, a subregion of Oceania. The federation consists of four states—from west to east: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae—that span across the western Pacific just north of the equator, for a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km (1,700 mi). Together, the states comprise around 607 islands and a combined land area of approximately 702 km2 or 271 sq mi.

Federated States of Micronesia
Motto: "Peace, Unity, Liberty"
Anthem: "Patriots of Micronesia"
Location of the Federated States of Micronesia
CapitalPalikir
6°55′N 158°11′E / 6.917°N 158.183°E / 6.917; 158.183
Largest cityWeno[1]
Official languageEnglish
Recognized regional
languages
Ethnic groups
(2016)
Religion
(2016)[2]
Demonym(s)Micronesian
GovernmentFederal assembly-independent republic under a non-partisan democracy
• President
Wesley Simina
Aren Palik
LegislatureCongress
Independence 
from the United States
• Republic proclaimed
May 10, 1979
November 3, 1986
Area
• Total
702 km2 (271 sq mi) (177th)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2019 estimate
104,468[3] (181st)
• Density
158.1/km2 (409.5/sq mi) (75th)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
$367 million
• Per capita
$3,584[4]
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
$383 million
• Per capita
$3,735[4]
Gini (2013)40.1[5]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.634[6]
medium (135th)
CurrencyUnited States dollar (USD)
Time zoneUTC+10 and +11
• Summer (DST)
not observed
Date formatMM/DD/YYYY
Drives onright
Calling code+691
ISO 3166 codeFM
Internet TLD.fm
  1. Regional languages used at state and municipal levels.

The entire island nation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea; south of Guam and the Marianas; west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands; east of Palau and the Philippines; about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Japan; and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands.

The country's total land area is relatively small; but FSM's waters occupy nearly 3 million km2 (1.2 million sq mi) of the Pacific Ocean, giving the country the 14th-largest exclusive economic zone in the world.[7][8] The island nation's capital is Palikir, located on Pohnpei Island; the largest city is Weno, an island municipality located in the Chuuk Lagoon.

Each of its four states is centered on one or more main volcanic islands, and all but Kosrae include numerous outlying atolls. The FSM spreads across part of the Caroline Islands in the wider region of Micronesia, which region consists of thousands of small islands divided among several countries. The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States of Micronesia or to the region as a whole.

The FSM was a part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United States from 1947 to 1994. On May 10, 1979 the islands ratified a constitutional government and then became a sovereign state after attaining independence on November 3, 1986—under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Other neighboring island entities (also former members of the TTPI), also formed constitutional governments, becoming: the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and the Republic of Palau (ROP). The FSM has a seat in the United Nations and has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983.

History

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Main article: History of the Federated States of Micronesia

The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over four thousand years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious culture centered on Yap Island.

 
Manila Galleon in the Marianas and Carolinas, c. 1590 Boxer Codex

Nan Madol, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, consisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located on the eastern periphery of the island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people from about AD 500 until 1500 when the centralized system collapsed.

European explorers—first the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and then the Spanish—reached the Carolines in the sixteenth century. The Treaty of Tordesillas gave these lands to Spain and the Spanish incorporated the archipelago to the Spanish East Indies through the capital, Manila, and in the 19th century established several outposts and missions. In 1887, they founded the town of Santiago de la Ascensión in what today is Kolonia on the island of Pohnpei.

In the 1870s, Germany began extending its sphere of influence in the Caroline Islands, leading to the Carolines Question of 1885 in which Pope Leo XIII was asked to determine if Germany or Spain had authority over the islands. The result was a confirmation of Spanish authority over the islands, but Germany would have free access to the islands.[9]

Following defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Spanish sold the archipelago to Germany in 1899 under the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. Germany incorporated it into German New Guinea. (A few remote islands, notably Kapingamarangi, were not specifically named in the treaty, but this remained unnoticed until the late 1940s and, while acknowledging the historical curiosity in 1949, Spain has made no modern claims to the islands.[10][11])

During World War I, it was captured by Japan. Following the war, the League of Nations awarded a mandate for Japan to administer the islands as part of the South Seas Mandate.

During World War II, a significant portion of the Japanese fleet was based in Truk Lagoon. In February 1944, Operation Hailstone, one of the most important naval battles of the war, took place at Truk, in which many Japanese support vessels and aircraft were destroyed.

Following World War II, it was administered by the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.

On May 10, 1979, four of the Trust Territory districts ratified a new constitution to become the Federated States of Micronesia. Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands chose not to participate. The FSM signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States, which entered into force on November 3, 1986, marking Micronesia's emergence from trusteeship to independence. Independence was formally concluded under international law in 1990, when the United Nations officially ended the Trusteeship status pursuant to Security Council Resolution 683. The Compact was renewed in 2004.[12]

In February 2021, due to a bitter leadership dispute, the Federated States of Micronesia announced it would quit the Pacific Islands Forum in its formal process of withdrawal. However, in June 2022, the Suva Agreement was reached and the Federated States of Micronesia agreed to remain in the forum.[13]

Politics

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Main article: Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia is governed by the 1979 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers. This constitution constructs the national government to be similar to – but not exactly alike – that of the United States. The unicameral Congress has fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators—one from each state—serve four-year terms; the remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population and serve two-year terms. Congress elects the President and Vice President from among the four state-based senators to serve four-year terms in the executive branch. Their congressional seats are then filled by special elections.

An appointed cabinet supports the president and vice president. There are no formal political parties.

Defense and foreign affairs

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Further information: Compact of Free Association and Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia
 
Sea Hawk helicopter (US Navy) flies over the waters of Chuuk, Micronesia.

In international politics, the Federated States of Micronesia has often voted with the United States concerning United Nations General Assembly resolutions.[14]

 
The FSS Tosiwo Nakayama, a Guardian-class patrol boat of the Federated States of Micronesia

The FSM is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the United States of America, which is wholly responsible for its defense. The FSM National Police operates a Maritime Wing Unit. The Compact of Free Association allows FSM citizens to join the U.S. military without having to obtain U.S. permanent residency or citizenship,[15] allows for immigration and employment for Micronesians in the U.S., and establishes economic and technical aid programs.

FSM has foreign relations with 56 countries, including the Holy See and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.[16] FSM was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991, in Resolution 703 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/2.[17] The FSM was an active member of the Pacific Islands Forum.[18] However, in February 2021, FSM announced it would be formally withdrawing from the Forum in a joint statement with Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and Nauru after a dispute regarding Henry Puna's election as the Forum's secretary-general.[19][20] In February 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, FSM severed its diplomatic relations with Russia and called the invasion "unjustified and brutal".[21]

Administrative divisions

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A map of the Federated States of Micronesia
Main article: Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia

The four states in the federation are, from west to east:

Flag States[22] Capital Current Governor Land Population[23] Population
density
km2 sq mi[24] per km2[23] per sq mi
  Yap Colonia Charles Chieng[25] 118.1 45.6 16,436 94 243
  Chuuk Weno Alexander R. Narruhn[26] 127.4 49.2 54,595 420 1088
  Pohnpei Kolonia Reed P. Oliver[27] 345.5 133.4 34,685 98 255
  Kosrae Tofol Tulensa Palik[28] 109.6 42.3 7,686 66 170

These states are further divided into municipalities.

Geography

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Main article: Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia
 
A view of Kolonia Town from Sokehs Ridge in Pohnpei

The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands extending 2,900 km (1,802 mi) across the archipelago of the Caroline Islands east of the Philippines. The islands have a combined area of 702 km2 (271 sq mi).[22]

The islands are grouped into four states, which are Yap, Chuuk (called Truk until January 1990), Pohnpei (known as "Ponape" until November 1984), and Kosrae (formerly Kusaie).[29][30] These four states are each represented by a white star on the national flag. The capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei.

Two terrestrial ecoregions lie within the country's borders: Carolines tropical moist forests and Yap tropical dry forests.[31] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.55/10, ranking it 37th globally out of 172 countries.[32]

Biodiversity

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The major coastal communities are mangrove forests, seagrass beds, lagoons and coral reefs, biologically and physically linked. About 300 species of coral, 1000 species of fish and 1200 species of mollusks are recognized in Micronesia. In the mangrove forests there are shrimps, crabs and fish, as well as birds that feed on them. Seagrass meadows appear offshore following the mangroves. The lagoons provide food for the reef inhabitants and contain various kinds of plankton. The biodiversity and complexity of the coral reefs increases markedly from east to west, with 150 species of hard coral at Kosrae, 200 at Pohnpei and 300 at Chuuk. Coral productivity in this area is among the highest in the world, absorbing about 2500 grams of carbon per square meter per year, against 2200 grams in the tropical forest and 125 grams in the open sea.

Inland, from the tidal zone to the top of the mountains there is a varied range of vegetation, cloud forest, upland, palm, plantation, areas dominated by climbers of the genus Merremia, savannas, native secondary forest, fragments of introduced trees, cultivated areas, freshwater swamps, swamps of the palm Nypa fruticans, atoll forests, forests in rocky areas and beaches. There are about 1230 species of ferns and flowering plants, of which 782 are native, including 145 native fern species. On Pohnpei Island, there are about 750 plant species, of which 110 are endemic. Another 457 species have been introduced.

Climate

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Satawal Island, Yap State

The Federated States of Micronesia has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af). The weather is warm, humid and rainy all year round. The islands are located north of the equator and are affected by constant trade winds, which temper the climate. Minimum temperatures range all year round between 22 and 25 °C, and maximum temperatures between 30 and 32 °C. The abundant precipitations oscillate between 2500 and 5000 mm per year, although in the faces oriented to the wind they can surpass 6000 mm. Mount Nahnalaud, only 750 m high, on the island of Pohnpei, receives an average of 10,160 mm, being one of the rainiest places on earth, with almost always overcast skies. In general, the rains are produced by showers and storms of short duration but very intense. The driest places are the flat atolls, where rainfall can drop below 3000 mm. The driest months are January and February, with no less than 250 mm and 20 days of rain.

Climate data for Palikir (Köppen Af)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.9
(85.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.7
(87.3) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.4
(86.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.8
(80.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.8
(74.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.3
(74.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 377
(14.8) 		279
(11.0) 		353
(13.9) 		462
(18.2) 		502
(19.8) 		464
(18.3) 		504
(19.8) 		515
(20.3) 		464
(18.3) 		469
(18.5) 		421
(16.6) 		392
(15.4) 		5,202
(204.9)
Source: Climate-Data.org[33]

Transportation

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Main article: Transportation in the Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia is served by four international airports.

Economy

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Main article: Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia
 
Fishing in Chuuk, 1931

Economic activity in the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. Long line fishing of tuna is also viable with foreign vessels from China that operated in the 1990s. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the U.S. is the primary source of revenue, with the U.S. pledged to spend $1.3 billion in the islands in 1986–2001; when the Compact was amended in 2004, the United States committed to providing $110 million in development aid through 2023.[38] The CIA World Factbook lists high dependence on U.S. aid as one of the main concerns of the FSM.[22] Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.[39]

Society

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Demographics

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Main article: Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia
 
People performing a welcome ceremony on the Ulithi atoll

The indigenous population of the nation, which is predominantly Micronesian, consists of various ethnolinguistic groups. It has a nearly 100% Pacific Islander and Asian population: Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4%. A sizable minority also have some Japanese ancestry, which is a result of intermarriages between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period.[40]

There is also a growing expatriate population of Americans, Australians, Europeans, and residents from China and the Philippines since the 1990s. English has become the common language of the government, and for secondary and tertiary education. Outside of the main capital towns of the four FSM states, the local languages are primarily spoken. In the Catholic mission of Pohnpei, among the Mercedarian missionaries, considered an institution in the country, Spanish is also spoken. Growth remains high at more than 3% annually, offset somewhat by net emigration.

Languages

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A beach in Chuuk

English is the official and common language. Aside from English, the following Austronesian languages are spoken:[22][41]

Rank Language Language family Number of speakers
1 Chuukese Micronesian 45,900
2 Pohnpeian 30,000
3 Kosraean 8,000
4 Mortlockese 5,900
5 Yapese Admiralty Islands? 5,130
6 Ulithian Micronesian 3,000
7 Kapingamarangi Polynesian 3,000
8 Pingelapese Micronesian 3,000
9 Woleaian 1,700
10 Mokilese 1,500
11 Puluwat 1,400
12 Pááfang 1,300
13 Namonuito 940
14 Nukuoro Polynesian 700
15 Ngatikese Micronesian 700
16 Satawalese 500
17 Nguluwan Admiralty Islands? 50
18 Ngatikese Creole Creole 30

Religion

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Main article: Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia
 
Cathedral of Ponape Belltower, in Kolonia, on the island of Pohnpei, built in 1909 by German Capuchin missionaries

The people of the Federated States of Micronesia are 97% Christian.[42] More than half of the population follows the Catholic Church (55%)[42] and about 42%[42] follow various Protestant Christian groups. In general this is due to Spanish and German colonial history. Spanish rule meant that a large part of the population remained Catholic. During the German colonial period, until 1914, Catholic and Protestant missionaries from the German Empire were deployed. Several Protestant denominations, as well as the Roman Catholic Church, are present in every Micronesian state.[43] Most Protestant groups trace their roots to American Congregationalist missionaries.[43] On the island of Kosrae, the population is approximately 7,800; 95 percent are Protestants.[43] On Pohnpei, the population of 35,000 is evenly divided between Protestants and Catholics. Most immigrants are Filipino Catholics who have joined local Catholic churches, e.g. Our Lady of Mercy Catholic Church in Pohnpei.[43]

On Chuuk and Yap, an estimated 60 percent are Catholic and 40 percent are Protestant.[43] Religious groups with small followings include Baptists, Assemblies of God, Salvation Army, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the Baháʼí Faith.[43] There is a small group of Buddhists on Pohnpei,[43] and a small group of Ahmadiyya Muslims in both Pohnpei and Kosrae. Attendance at religious services is generally high; churches are well supported by their congregations and play a significant role in civil society.[43]

In the 1890s, on the island of Pohnpei, intermissionary conflicts and the conversion of clan leaders resulted in religious divisions along clan lines which persist today.[43] More Protestants live on the western side of the island, while more Catholics live on the eastern side.[43] Missionaries of many religious traditions are present and operate freely.[43] The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice.[43] The US government received no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice in 2007.[43]

Health

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Main article: Health in the Federated States of Micronesia

Life expectancy was 66 for men and 69 for women in 2018.[44][45]

Pingelap in Pohnpei State is notable for the prevalence of an extreme form of color blindness called Achromatopsia, and known locally as maskun.[46][47] Approximately 5% of the atoll's 3000 inhabitants are afflicted.[46][47]

Sport

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See also: Category:Sports in the Federated States of Micronesia

Baseball

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Baseball is very popular in the FSM.[48]

Association football

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The sport of association football in the Federated States of Micronesia is run by the Federated States of Micronesia Football Association. They control the Micronesian Games, the nation's football championship and the Micronesia national football team.[citation needed]

FSMAA

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The Federated States of Micronesia Athletic Association is the governing body for the country's sports and athletics.[49][50]

Culture

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A large (approximately 2.4 m or about 8 ft in height) example of Yapese stone money (Rai stones) in the village of Gachpar

Each of the four states has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common cultural and economic bonds that are centuries old. Cultural similarities include the importance of the traditional extended family and clan systems and are found on all the islands.

The island of Yap is notable for its "stone money" (Rai stones), large disks usually of calcite, up to 4 meters (13 ft) in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The islanders, aware of the owner of a piece, do not necessarily move them when ownership changes. There are five major types: Mmbul, Gaw, Ray, Yar, and Reng, the last being only 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Their value is based on both size and history, many of them having been brought from other islands, as far as New Guinea, but most coming in ancient times from Palau. Approximately 6,500 of them are scattered around the island.

Pohnpei is home to Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but the site is currently listed as In Danger due to natural causes.[51] The government is working on the conservation of the site.

Music

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Main article: Music and dances of the Federated States of Micronesia
 
Yapese men dancing in traditional dress
 
A shop in Pohnpei selling traditional souvenirs

Traditional dances on the main islands includes "stick dancing" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap[52] and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are performed either by women or men and boys, but never both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.[53]

Newspapers

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The following papers have been published in the FSM:

Literature

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There have been very few published literary writers from the Federated States of Micronesia.[58] In 2008, Emelihter Kihleng became the first ever Micronesian to publish a collection of poetry in the English language.[59]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Summary Analysis of Key Indicators: from the FSM 2010 Census of Population and Housing (PDF). Palikir: Division of Statistics, Office of SBOC. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018 – via Prism (SPC).
  2. ^ "Religions in Federated States Of Micronesia | PEW-GRF". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  3. ^ "NA – FSM Statistics". Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  5. ^ "GINI index". World Bank. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  6. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024". United Nations Development Programme. March 19, 2024. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  7. ^ "Drops in the ocean: France's marine territories". The Economist. January 13, 2016. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  8. ^ "Micronesia (Federated States of)". seaaroundus.org. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  9. ^ Eirik Bjorge (July 17, 2014). The Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties. OUP Oxford. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-19-102576-1. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  10. ^ Pastor y Santos 1950, p. 21.
  11. ^ "Micronesia, Federated States of". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  12. ^ "Compact of Free Association". Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  13. ^ Dziedzic, Stephen (June 7, 2022). "Pacific leaders strike a deal to keep Micronesian nations from splitting with Pacific Islands Forum". ABC News. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
  14. ^ General Assembly - Overall Votes - Comparison with U.S. vote Archived December 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine lists Micronesia as in the country with the fourth high coincidence of votes. Micronesia has always been in the top four.
  15. ^ "U.S. Military Enlistment Standards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2008.
  16. ^ "FSM Diplomatic Relations List". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  17. ^ "United Nations Official Document". www.un.org. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015.
  18. ^ "Federated States of Micronesia". U.S. Department of the Interior. June 11, 2015. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  19. ^ "Five Micronesian countries leave Pacific Islands Forum". RNZ. February 9, 2021. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  20. ^ "Pacific Islands Forum in crisis as one-third of member nations quit". The Guardian. February 8, 2021. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  21. ^ "Following the Unjustified & Brutal Invasion of Ukraine, the Federated States of Micronesia Severs Diplomatic Relations with the Russian Federation". FSM Government. February 25, 2022. Archived from the original on February 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  22. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency". Cia World Factbook. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  23. ^ a b "FSM government website - Population". Archived from the original on June 29, 2012.
  24. ^ "FSM government website - Geography". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  25. ^ "Yap - Legal Information System of the Federated States of Micronesia". www.fsmlaw.org. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  26. ^ "Chuuk State - Legal Information System of the Federated States of Micronesia". www.fsmlaw.org. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  27. ^ "Pohnpei - Legal Information System of the Federated States of Micronesia". www.fsmlaw.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  28. ^ "Kosrae - Legal Information System of the Federated States of Micronesia". www.fsmlaw.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  29. ^ Keesing, Roger M. (1988). Melanesian Pidgin and the oceanic substrate. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-8047-1450-9. OCLC 17383715. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  30. ^ The Europa world year book 2004. London: Europa. 2004. ISBN 1-85743-253-3. OCLC 55795909. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  31. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  32. ^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  33. ^ "Climate: Palikir". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  34. ^ "Federated States Of Micronesia (FSM) Division of Civil Aviation l Pohnpei International Airport (PNI) (PTPN), Pohnpei Island, Micronesia". Federated States of Micronesia Division of Civil Aviation. August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
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Sources

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