Spindalis is a genus consisting of four non-migratory species of bird. It is the only genus in the family Spindalidae. The species are mostly endemic to the West Indies; exceptions include populations of western spindalises on Cozumel Island, off the Yucatán Peninsula's east coast, and in extreme southeastern Florida. The species were traditionally considered aberrant members of the tanager family Thraupidae. Taxonomic studies recover them as a sister group to the Puerto Rican tanager (family Nesospingidae), and some group Spindalidae and Nesospingidae within the Phaenicophilidae.[2]
| Spindalis | |
|---|---|
_male.JPG)
| |
| Western spindalis (Spindalis zena) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Superfamily: | Emberizoidea |
| Family: | Spindalidae Barker, Burns, Klicka, Lanyon, & Lovette, 2013[1] |
| Genus: | Spindalis Jardine & Selby, 1837 |
| Type species | |
| Spindalis nigricephala | |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Males are characterized by bright plumage while females are duller and have a different coloration. The nests are cup-shaped.[3]
Species
editThe genus contains four species:[4]
| Male | Female | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hispaniolan spindalis | Spindalis dominicensis | Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) | |
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 |
Jamaican spindalis | Spindalis nigricephala | Jamaica |
_(5403225223).jpg) |
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Puerto Rican spindalis | Spindalis portoricensis | Puerto Rico |
.jpg) |
_female.JPG) |
Western spindalis | Spindalis zena | southeastern Florida and the western Caribbean (Cozumel, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands) |
Taxonomy
editHistorically, the genus consisted of a single polytypic species, Spindalis zena (with the common name of stripe-headed tanager), with eight recognized subspecies—S. z. townsendi and S. z. zena from the Bahamas, S. z. pretrei from Cuba, S. z. salvini from Grand Cayman, S. z. dominicensis from Hispaniola and Gonâve Island, S. z. portoricensis from Puerto Rico, S. z. nigreciphala from Jamaica, and S. z. benedicti from Cozumel Island. In 1997, based primarily on morphological and vocalization differences, three of the subspecies (portoricensis, dominicensis and nigricephala) were elevated to species status. S. zena remained a polytypic species with five recognized subspecies—S. z. pretrei, S. z. salvini, S. z. benedicti, S. z. townsendi, and S. z. zena.[5]
References
edit- ^ Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology. 62 (2): 298–320. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.
- ^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
- ^ Garrido et al. 1997, p. 587.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Enigmatic Oscines". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ Garrido et al. 1997, pp. 588–589.
Sources
edit- Garrido, O.H.; Parkes, K.C.; Reynard, G.B.; Kirkconnell, A.; Sutton, R. (1997). "Taxonomy of the stripe-headed tanager, genus Spindalis (Aves:Thraupidae) of the West Indies". The Wilson Bulletin. 109 (4): 561–594.
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