South African Class NG G16A 2-6-2+2-6-2

The Alfred County Railway Class NG G16A 2-6-2+2-6-2 of 1989 is a steam locomotive from the South African Railways era.

South African Class NG G16A 2-6-2+2-6-2
Red Dragon no. 141 at Port Shepstone, May 1990
Type and origin
No. NG141 - ♠ No. NG155
Power typeSteam
DesignerAlfred County Railway
(Phil Girdlestone)
BuilderAlfred County Railway
Serial numberBP 7866, Hunslet-Taylor 3900
ModelClass NG G16A
Build date1989-1990
Total produced2
Specifications
Configuration:
 • Whyte2-6-2+2-6-2 (Double Prairie)
 • UIC1'C1'+1'C1'h4t
Driver3rd & 4th coupled axles
Gauge2 ft (610 mm) narrow
Leading dia.21 in (533 mm)
Coupled dia.33 in (838 mm)
Trailing dia.21 in (533 mm)
Minimum curve160 ft (49 m)
Wheelbase43 ft 3 in (13,183 mm) ​
 • Engine13 ft 10+12 in (4,229 mm) each
 • Coupled6 ft 3 in (1,905 mm) each
Pivot centres23 ft 9 in (7,239 mm)
Length:
 • Over couplers48 ft 5+14 in (14,764 mm)
Width7 ft (2,134 mm)
Height10 ft 4 in (3,150 mm)
Frame typeBar
Axle load 6 LT 17 cwt 3 qtr (6,998 kg)
♠ 6 LT 18 cwt (7,011 kg) ​
 • Leading 6 LT 7 cwt 2 qtr (6,477 kg) front
6 LT 7 cwt 1 qtr (6,465 kg) rear
♠ 6 LT 10 cwt (6,604 kg) front
5 LT 14 cwt (5,791 kg) rear
 • 1st coupled 6 LT 14 cwt 3 qtr (6,846 kg)
♠ 6 LT 18 cwt (7,011 kg)
 • 2nd coupled 6 LT 17 cwt 3 qtr (6,998 kg)
♠ 6 LT 6 cwt (6,401 kg)
 • 3rd coupled 6 LT 15 cwt (6,858 kg)
♠ 6 LT 4 cwt (6,299 kg)
 • 4th coupled 6 LT 14 cwt 2 qtr (6,833 kg)
♠ 6 LT 15 cwt (6,858 kg)
 • 5th coupled 6 LT 14 cwt (6,808 kg)
♠ 6 LT 17 cwt (6,960 kg)
 • 6th coupled 6 LT 14 cwt 3 qtr (6,846 kg)
♠ 6 LT 1 cwt (6,147 kg)
 • Trailing 4 LT 1 cwt 1 qtr (4,128 kg) front
3 LT 10 cwt (3,556 kg) rear
♠ 3 LT 14 cwt (3,759 kg) front
3 LT 19 cwt (4,013 kg) rear
Adhesive weight 40 LT 10 cwt 3 qtr (41,190 kg)
♠ 39 LT 1 cwt (39,680 kg)
Loco weight 61 LT 5 cwt 2 qtr (62,260 kg)
♠ 59 LT 2 cwt (60,050 kg)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity 6 LT 4 cwt (6.3 t)
♠ 4 LT (4.1 t)
Water cap. 1,325 imp gal (6,020 L) front
♠ 1,325 imp gal (6,020 L) front
540 imp gal (2,450 L) rear
Firebox:
 • TypeRound-top
 • Grate area19.5 sq ft (1.81 m2)
Boiler:
 • Pitch5 ft 5 in (1,651 mm)
 • Diameter4 ft 7+34 in (1,416 mm)
 • Tube plates9 ft 3+58 in (2,835 mm)
 • Small tubes152: 1+34 in (44 mm)
 • Large tubes15: 5+12 in (140 mm)
Boiler pressure180 psi (1,241 kPa)
Safety valveRoss-pop
Heating surface:
 • Firebox6.97 m2 (75.0 sq ft)
 • Tubes60.24 m2 (648.4 sq ft)
 • Flues18.7 m2 (201 sq ft)
 • Total surface85.91 m2 (924.7 sq ft)
Superheater:
 • Type15 elements
 • Heating area14.9 m2 (160 sq ft)
CylindersFour
Cylinder size12 in (305 mm) bore
16 in (406 mm) stroke
Valve gearWalschaerts
Valve type140 mm (5.5 in) Piston
Valve travel90 mm (3.5 in)
Valve lap22.22 mm (0.9 in) steam lap
1 mm (0.0 in) exhaust lap
Valve lead3.5 mm (0.1 in)
CouplersJohnston link-and-pin
Performance figures
Tractive effort95 kN (21,000 lbf) @ 75%
Career
OperatorsAlfred County Railway
ClassClass NG G16A
Number in class2
Numbers141, 155
NicknamesRed Dragon
Delivered1989-1990
First run1989

Between 1937 and 1968 the South African Railways placed 34 Class NG G16 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt articulated steam locomotives in service. In 1989 and 1990 two of these locomotives were rebuilt to Class NG G16A by the Alfred County Railway.[1][2]

Manufacturers

edit
 
No. 155 shunting at Nqabeni, c. 1991
 
No's 141 & 155 climbing from Bongwana to Nqabeni, c. 1992

A total of 34 Class NG G16 2-6-2+2-6-2 locomotives were built for the South African Railways (SAR) between 1937 and 1968. Four were delivered by Société Anonyme John Cockerill of Seraing in Belgium in 1937, twenty-two by Beyer, Peacock & Company between 1939 and 1958, and the last eight by Hunslet-Taylor in Germiston, Transvaal in 1967 and 1968.[2][3][4][5]

The locomotives were superheated, with a superheater area of 14.9 square metres (160 square feet) and fifteen elements of 38 millimetres (1.5 inches) outside diameter and a 31 millimetres (1.2 inches) bore.[1]

Alfred County Railway

edit

When the four narrow gauge branchline systems in Natal were closed down by the SAR, the Weenen and Mid-Illovo lines were torn up. The Harding line was privatised in 1988 as the Alfred County Railway (ACR), operating out of Port Shepstone. The ACR was also known as the Banana Express from the tourism part of its operation.[6][7]

Class NG G16A rebuilding

edit

As part of the ACR's strategy to keep the narrow gauge railway competitive, two of its Class NG G16 Garratt locomotives were rebuilt using technology similar to that used by mechanical engineer David Wardale in the creation of the Class 26 Red Devil in 1980, based on developments pioneered by Argentinian engineer L.D. Porta. The Class NG G16 rebuilding incorporated a gas producing combustion system (GPCS), Lempor exhausts, an improved spark arrester, lightweight multi-ring articulated piston valves, improved valve events and improved mechanical lubrication.[1][8]

The rebuilding was done by mechanical engineer Phil Girdlestone, who was employed as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the ACR primarily for this purpose. The work was carried out at Port Shepstone. The first locomotive to undergo the treatment was the Beyer, Peacock-built no. 141 in 1989.[1]

The modifications were similar in scope to that of the Red Devil, although not as extensive. Like the Class 26, no. 141 was also painted red and nicknamed the Red Dragon. Welsh Dragon emblems were later mounted on the cab sides and bunker ends.[1]

The second locomotive, the Hunslet-Taylor-built no. 155, was rebuilt in 1990, but it retained its traditional ex-SAR black livery. Both modified locomotives were reclassified to Class NG G16A.[1]

Gas producing combustion system

edit

The GPCS is a single-stage gas producer which achieves an improved combustion and steaming rate, reduces the emission of black smoke and overcomes the problem of clinkering. The most serious waste of fuel in a conventional steam locomotive is the loss of unburned coal particles from the fuel bed through the exhaust because of the rapid flow of air through the grate.[9][10]

 
Secondary air inlets with swirl inducers and a spark arresting plate

The GPCS relies on the gasification of coal on a low temperature firebed so that the gases are then fully burnt above the firebed. To achieve this, the amount of air being drawn up through the firebed is minimised, while the main sources of air required for combustion is through secondary air inlets located in the firebox sides and through the vertically sliding firedoor. The air inlets contain swirl inducers to spread the incoming air inside the firebox.[1][2][8][9]

With the GPCS, the coal is heated to drive off the volatile components which are then burned in the secondary air admitted above the grate. The result is improved combustion, thereby minimising black smoke, which is evidence of incomplete combustion and unburnt coal particles being ejected through the exhaust. Note the clear exhausts in the picture below of numbers 141 and 155 double-heading on the climb from Bongwana to Nqabeni.[1][9]

Lempor exhaust

edit

One visible difference between the original and the rebuilt locomotives is the megaphone-shaped Lempor chimney, which contains a cylindrical mixing chamber and a wide angled diffuser. The object of the latter is to convert the kinetic energy of the combustion gas and exhaust steam mixture to a pressure as close to atmospheric as possible.[1]

 
Steamchest pressure gauges and cylinder steam flow gauge in no. 141

Ejector pump efficiency depends on the length-to-diameter ratio of the exhaust chimney. Although less obvious, both Wardale GPCS locomotives, Class 19D no. 2644 and Class 26 no. 3450, have exactly this shape of chimney, but because of height constraints in large locomotives, their chimneys had to be doubled or even tripled to achieve the correct proportions, hence the double exhausts of the two Wardale locomotives. Narrow gauge locomotives like the Class NG G16, on the other hand, have plenty of height available for the exhaust, so a single long chimney was achievable.[1]

Other visible differences are larger mechanical lubricators and external drive from the valve spindle, a vacuum ejector exhaust muffler just in front of the safety valves, pipes conveying exhaust and ejector steam to the ashpan for mixing with the primary air, the secondary air inlets in the firebox sides with spark arresting plates outside them, and the snifting and bypass valves which were removed and blanked off since the modified locomotive drifted in mid-gear with steam supplied from the drifting valve.[1]

Performance

edit

In comparative testing, no. 141 achieved a fuel saving of 25% compared to a standard Class NG G16 Garratt, a performance which was easily maintained in regular service. Power outputs of over 700 indicated horsepower was achieved and the locomotive was probably capable of achieving a maximum of 800 indicated horsepower, some 25% more than the Class 91-000 narrow gauge diesel-electric locomotive. The improvement in performance and economy of the locomotive was brought about by the higher grate limit by means of the GPCS and better flow past the improved valves, valve motion and exhaust. Other basic elements of the locomotive remained more or less the same.[1]

The cost of the work paid off financially within twelve months and led to a proposal to develop a Class NG G17 Garratt. That proposal, however, never became reality since the line's farming produce traffic was gradually lost to road transport on the improving road network, a decline which eventually led to the ACR's demise.[8][11][12]

 
NGG16A numberplate

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Information supplied by Phil Girdlestone
  2. ^ a b c Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 78–79, 107, 109–110. ISBN 0869772112.
  3. ^ Hamilton, Gavin N., The Garratt Locomotive - Garratt Locomotives produced by Beyer, Peacock, retrieved 10 November 2012
  4. ^ Hamilton, Gavin N., The Garratt Locomotive - Garratt Locomotives from Other Builders, retrieved 10 November 2012
  5. ^ South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended
  6. ^ Durrant, AE (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott: David & Charles. pp. 126–127. ISBN 0715386387.
  7. ^ Ash, Paul (2005). Living Steam (Lambert, Anthony – editor) (1st ed.) London, Cape Town, Sydney, Auckland: New Holland Publishers. pp. 120-123. ISBN 1-84330-872-X
  8. ^ a b c "Alfred County Railway 2-6-2+2-6-2 NG G16A Garratts 141 & 155". martynbane.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  9. ^ a b c Gas Producer Combustion System (GPCS)
  10. ^ South Africa's 'Red Devil' (Accessed on 28 July 2016)
  11. ^ "The Ultimate Steam Page – P. Girdlestone". trainweb.org. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  12. ^ Middleton, John N. (2002). Railways of Southern Africa Locomotive Guide - 2002 (as amended by Combined Amendment List 4, January 2009) (2nd, Dec 2002 ed.). Herts, England: Beyer-Garratt Publications. pp. 32–33.
edit

  Media related to South African Class NG G16A 2-6-2+2-6-2 at Wikimedia Commons