Wikipedia

Sotk

40°12′11″N 45°51′53″E / 40.20306°N 45.86472°E / 40.20306; 45.86472

Sotk
Սոթք
Mountains around Sotk
Mountains around Sotk
Sotk is located in Armenia
Sotk
Sotk
Sotk is located in Gegharkunik
Sotk
Sotk
Coordinates: 40°12′11″N 45°51′53″E / 40.20306°N 45.86472°E / 40.20306; 45.86472
CountryArmenia
ProvinceGegharkunik
MunicipalityVardenis
Founded15th century
Elevation
2,032 m (6,667 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total
824
Time zoneUTC+4 (AMT)
Sotk at GEOnet Names Server

Sotk (Armenian: Սոթք) is a village in the Vardenis Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia, well known for its gold mines.[2]

Etymology

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According to J. Markwart and N. Adonts, the name Sotk may be connected to the name of a tribe called Tsavde (atsvots) mentioned in ancient Armenian sources,[3] while others connect it with the toponym Suta (or Shuta) of the Hittite sources[3] (the presence of the Hittites was proposed in the vicinity of Lake Sevan in 2009).[4] According to the 13th century Armenian historian, Stepanos Orbelian, the town and its respective canton were named after the cold and stormy weather.[5]

History

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7th century St. Astvatsatsin Church in Sotk
 
Map of Syunik (pink) in the 9th century

Sotk has been well known for its mines throughout its history. The mines may have been exploited as early as the 2nd millennium BC, evidenced by the discovery of pits, funnels covered with grass, underground workings, wooden tools, stone mortars, washing pots, and more. The mines were used with interruptions until the 14th century AD, and later rediscovered in the 20th century.

Bronze Age

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Materials, cemeteries, weapons, bones, and everyday life objects, belonging to the early Bronze Age, have been found in complexes of settlements around the Sotk mountain pass.[6] During this time, gold may have been acquired by alluvial way, while real mining may have begun in the later Bronze Age.[7]

On the southern slope of the mine, ruins of a large ancient settlement are visible, from where a grass-covered path led to the mine (in 1954, this path would be turned into a road for miners). The river valley is covered by artificial oval terraces which steep from the side towards the river flow.[8] West of Sotk, around the nearby town of modern Vardenis, are some cyclopean fortresses, with corresponding cemeteries from the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, among which is Tsovak, where there is a cuneiform inscription by Urartian king Sarduri II. To the north is a settlement of the Kura-Araxes culture. Many other such ruins can be found near Sotk such as in Chambarak, indicating the Lake Sevan basin was a significant region, controlled from centers like Ishtikuni (Lchashen) and confederations of chiefdoms, such as the Uduri-Etiuni and Uelikuni (both of which seem to have been Armenian etymologically) mentioned in Urartian sources. Elite tombs in Lchashen were rich with gold, which, according to metallurgical analyses, would have derived from Sotk.[9]

Antiquity to Middle Ages

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At some point during the late Iron Age, the highlands known as "Urartu" became known as "Armenia" (see Urartu § Fall). As the first Armenian political entity expanded eastwards, the regions around Sotk were incorporated as core regions of ancient Armenia.

During Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Sotk was part of Syunik, one of the regions of the ancient and the medieval kingdoms of Armenia, where it served as the capital of the region of the same name. Its location on the mountain pass was at a strategic point on the medieval Dvin-Partav road, connecting the southern and eastern regions of the South Caucasus.[8]

The 7th century St. Astvatsatsin Church, an Armenian basilica church with 13th century khachkars in its walls is located in the village.[10][11]

Late modern period

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The modern village was only founded in 1829,[12][non-primary source needed] and its official name was Zod (Armenian: Զոդ).[13][verification needed] The village had an Azerbaijani-majority population before the exodus of Azerbaijanis from Armenia after the outbreak of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. From 1988 and onwards, Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan settled in the village.[12][14]

In September 2022, Sotk as well as several other Armenian towns, including Vardenis (Gegharkunik Province), Goris (Syunik Province) and Jermuk (Vayots Dzor Province), came under attack by Azerbaijani Armed Forces. Many residential houses were damaged as a result of the shelling; people were displaced from their homes.[15][16]

Gold mine

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Sotk Gold Mine
Main article: Sotk gold mine

A gold mine near the village, called Sotk (Zod), is one of the largest gold deposits in the South Caucasus.[17] It is located on the border of Kalbajar District in Azerbaijan and Gegharkunik Province of Armenia.[18] Kalbajar District was administrated by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh from its control by Armenian forces in 1993 after the Battle of Kalbajar, near the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War,[19] until 2020, when the Armenian side handed it over to Azerbaijan according to the ceasefire agreement, ending the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.[20]

Azerbaijani forces entered the district on 25 November,[21] and on 26 November, Armenian media reported that a group of 250 Azerbaijani soldiers had arrived at the gold mine, and demanded its handover,[22] establishing a military post at the mine.[23] The Armenian defense ministry refuted this account,[24] stating that Azerbaijani forces, having found an Armenian border checkpoint unacceptable, contacted the Armenian side via loudspeaker and negotiated with Russian peacekeepers over the issue. Armenian and Azerbaijani authorities started to demarcate the border on the same day.[25] Armenian military authorities then stated that half of the mine area had been passed to Azerbaijan.[26]

Demographics

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Population

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According to Statistical Committee of Armenia 2011 census, the villages' current population is 824.

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  •  
    Nature around Sotk
  •  
    St. Astvatsatsin Armenian Church interior
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    Armenian Khachkar in Sotk
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    Entrance with khachkars to the St. Astvatsatsin Armenian Church
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    Mountains around Sotk
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    Railroad station in Sotk

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Statistical Committee of Armenia. "The results of the 2011 Population Census of Armenia" (PDF).
  2. ^ Kiesling, Brady; Kojian, Raffi (2005). Rediscovering Armenia: Guide (2nd ed.). Yerevan: Matit Graphic Design Studio. p. 82. ISBN 99941-0-121-8.
  3. ^ a b Hakobyan T.Ch., Melik-Bakhshyan S.T., Barseghyan H.Ch., Hayastani ev harakits shrjanneri teghanunneri bararan (Toponymical Dictionary of Armenia and Surrounding Regions), v. 2, 313, Yerevan, 1988–2001.
  4. ^ Petrosyan A., The ‘Eastern Hittites’ in the South and East of the Armenian Highland? Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies IV/1 (2009), pp. 63–72
  5. ^ Աբրահամյան, Ա․ Ա․ (1986). ՍՏԵՓԱՆՈՍ ՕՐԲԵԼՅԱՆ ՍՅՈՒՆԻՔԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ (in Armenian). Երևան: Սովետական գրող. p. 70.
  6. ^ Xnkikyan O.S. (1977). Arhestnery bronzedaryan Hayastanum (Crafts in Bronze Age Armenia). Yerevan. p. 14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Gevorgyan A., Zalibekyan М. (2007). Kalantaryan. p. 30.
  8. ^ a b Aram Gevorgyan, Arsen Bobokhyan "METALLURGY OF ANCIENT ARMENIA IN CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT", Armenian National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 1 May 2018.
  9. ^ Xnkikyan O.S. (1977). Arhestnery bronzedaryan Hayastanum (Crafts in Bronze Age Armenia). Yerevan. p. 18.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ "Armenia: Gegharkunik Province Guidebook by Svetlana Dingarac – Issuu". 25 November 2015.
  11. ^ https://ostarmenia.com/hy/gegharqunik-%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84/
  12. ^ a b "ՍՈԹՔ". gegharkunik.am. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  13. ^ Ադամյան, Ն., ed. Հայկական ՍՍՌ վարչա-տերիտորիալ բաժանումը: Առ 1-ը մարտի 1964 թ. Երևան : Հայաստան , 1964; p. 34, 79
  14. ^ "Waiting to go home: The plight of Nagorno-Karabakh's refugees". reliefweb.int. ReliefWeb. 3 June 2003. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006.
  15. ^ "PanARMENIAN.Net – Mobile". panarmenian.net.
  16. ^ "Ադրբեջանական հարձակման հետևանքով առնվազն 2570 անձ տեղահանվել է. ՄԻՊ". www.1lurer.am. 14 September 2022.
  17. ^ "Kelbajar gold deposits to remain on territory of Azerbaijan". Vestnik Kavkaza. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  18. ^ "Azərbaycan MN Zod mədəni ilə bağlı yayılan xəbərlərə şərh verməyib". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  19. ^ Year: 1993), UN Security Council (48th (12 November 1993). "Resolution 884 (1993) /: adopted by the Security Council at its 3313th meeting, on 12 November 1993" – via digitallibrary.un.org. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Azerbaijani army enters Kalbajar, region returned by Armenia". Al Jazeera. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Azerbaijani leader vows to revive region ceded by Armenia". Associated Press. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  22. ^ "Глава общины Гегамасар: "Азербайджанские ВС отошли назад в районе Сотка в Армении"". ArmenianReport. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  23. ^ "В Генштабе ВС Армении не видят поводов для волнения из-за появления азербайджанских солдат в Сотке". ArmenianReport. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  24. ^ Ghazanchyan, Siranush (26 November 2020). "Azerbaijani troops have not entered the area of Sotk gold mine – Defense Ministry". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  25. ^ Aghalaryan, Kristine (26 November 2020). "Azerbaijani troops have not entered the area of Sotk gold mine – Defense Ministry". Hetq.am. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  26. ^ Ghukasyan, Seda (27 November 2020). "Half of Sotk Gold Mine Now in Azerbaijan, Says Armenian Military Official". Hetq.am. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
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