Sunni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sunni Ali Ber (Ber meaning "the Great"),[2] reigned from about 1464 to 1492 as the 15th ruler of the Sunni dynasty of the Songhai Empire. He transformed the relatively small state into an empire by conquering Timbuktu, Massina, the Inner Niger Delta, and Djenne.
| Sunni Ali | |
|---|---|
| King of Songhai | |
| Reign | 1464 – November 6, 1492 |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Sunni dynasty | |
| Reign | 1464 – 1492 |
| Predecessor | Sunni Suleiman |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Died | 1492 |
| Father | Sonni Muhammad Da'o[1] |
| Religion | Islam |
Early life
editSunni Ali was born the son of Sonni Muhammad Da'o, who appears in the kinglists of the Tarikh al-Sudan and Tarikh al-Fattash as the 10th Sonni ruler. His mother was from Fara, an area that was still heavily pagan, and Ali was raised in this milieu. As a Sonni, he also received an Islamic education, but practiced a syncretic, unorthodox faith.[1]
Reign
editUpon Sunni Ali's accession, the Songhay already controlled the Niger river basin from Dendi to Mema. His first major conquest was the ancient city of Timbuktu. Controlled by the Tuaregs since the Malian retreat a few decades earlier, in 1469 the Timbuktu-koi 'Umar asked for Songhai protection. He conducted a repressive policy against the scholars of Timbuktu who he saw as associated with the Tuareg.[3]
Sunni Ali organized a powerful fleet on the Niger river, and in 1473 used it to lay siege to Djenne, which surrendered only after being reduced to starvation. In order to bring his fleet to bear in an attempt to conquer Walata, he tried to dig a canal hundreds of kilometers to the town from Ras el Ma. In 1483 he had to abandon this project, however, to defeat an invasion by the Mossi people.[4][5]
Domestic policies
editIn addition to external enemies, Sunni Ali fought campaigns against the Fulani of Massina and other nomadic peoples raiding within his borders.[6] His main capital was Gao, but he was also based at Kukiya, Kabara, and Tindirma at different times depending on where he was campaigning.[7] Sunni Ali ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims at a time when the traditional co-existence of different beliefs was being challenged. His adherence to African animism while also professing Islam leads some writers to describe him as outwardly or nominally Muslim.[8] Funeal stelae from Kukiya, however, cast some doubt on the chroniclers criticism of Sunni Ali, as they were writing on behalf of the Askias who had overthrown the Sunni dynasty.[9]
Death and succession
editHis death, on November 6, 1492, is a matter of conjecture. According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, Ali drowned while crossing the Niger River.[8]Oral tradition believes he was killed by his sister's son, Askia Muhammad Ture.[10] Sonni Ali's son, Sunni Baru, was immediately proclaimed king of Songhay by the army commanders,[1] but he was challenged by Askia because Baru was not seen as a faithful Muslim.[11] Askia eventually defeated Sunni Baru and took power.
References
edit- ^ a b c Levtzion 1977, p. 424.
- ^ Walker, Robin (1999). The West African empire of Songhai in 10 easy lessons : introduction to black history. Siaf Millar. Birmingham: Concept Learning Ltd. ISBN 1-903181-00-3. OCLC 47678165.
- ^ Levtzion 1977, p. 421.
- ^ Levtzion 1977, p. 425.
- ^ Kane, Oumar (2021). "La Formation du Royaume Jaalalo du Kingi par Tenghella". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.). Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle (in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. p. 54.
- ^ Levtzion 1977, p. 426.
- ^ Hunwick, John O. (2003). "Songhay: an Interpretive Essay". Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents. Leiden: Brill. p. xxxviii. ISBN 978-9004128224.
- ^ a b Saʻdī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire : Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents. John O. Hunwick. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11207-3. OCLC 40602667.
- ^ Conrad, David (2005). "Review of Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Chronicles, and Songhay-Tuareg History, by P. F. de Moraes Farias". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 38 (1): 105–112. JSTOR 40036465. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ Lipschutz, Mark R. (1986). Dictionary of African historical biography. R. Kent Rasmussen (2nd ed., expanded and updated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05179-3. OCLC 14069361.
- ^ Ohaegbulam, Festus Ugboaja (1990). Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-7941-8.
Sources
edit- Levtzion, Nehemiah (1977). "5 - The western Maghrib and Sudan". In Oliver, Ronald (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600. Cambridge University Press. pp. 331–462. ISBN 9781139054577. Retrieved 12 March 2024.