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Song of Songs 5

Song of Songs 5 (abbreviated [where?] as Song 5) is the fifth chapter of the Song of Songs in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] This book is one of the Five Megillot, a collection of short books, together with Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther, within the Ketuvim, the third and the last part of the Hebrew Bible.[3] Jewish tradition views Solomon as the author of this book (although this is now largely disputed), and this attribution influences the acceptance of this book as a canonical text.[3]

Song of Songs 5
French tapestry with the text of the Vulgate opening of Song 5:1 in Latin "Veniat dilectus meus in hortum suum" ("Let my beloved come into his garden"). Palais du Tau, Reims, Hauteville, Aisne (17th century).
BookSong of Songs
CategoryKetuvim
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part22

This chapter opens with the man's response to his lover's consent in the closing verses of chapter 4, but the second part of the chapter relates the refusal of the woman to welcome the man into her room at night, and when she changes her mind, he already disappears; in the next part she looks for him in the city and in the final section (verses 10 onwards) she describes to the daughters of Jerusalem how fair the man is.[4]

Text

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The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 16 verses.

Textual witnesses

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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5][a] One fragment containing a part of this chapter was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, assigned as 4Q107 (4QCantb); 30 BCE-30 CE; extant verse 1).[7][8][9]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK:  S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century).[10]

Structure

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The Modern English Version (MEV) identifies the speakers in this chapter as:

The start of the fifth chapter and the close of the fourth chapter are not in the same verse in all versions of the Bible: the Vulgate version of chapter 5 starts with "Veniat dilectus meus ...",[11] which is the end of the woman's speech in the last verse of the fourth chapter in most other versions:[12]

Analysis

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Male and chorus: tasting and enjoy the garden (5:1)

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This verse contains the man's closure of the dialogue at the end of the previous chapter; the call to eat and drink implies consummation.[4] John Gill notes that the words closing the dialogue should not have been separated from the rest of the exchange in chapter 4.[13]

Verse 1

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[The Beloved/the Man]

I have come to my garden, my sister, my spouse;
I have gathered my myrrh with my spice;
I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey;
I have drunk my wine with my milk.

[To His Friends]

Eat, O friends!
Drink, yes, drink deeply,
O beloved ones![14]

Female: A second search at night for her dream lover (5:2-8)

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In this part, the woman refuses to welcome her lover into her room at night (either in reality or a dream; cf. 3:1-5), but when she changes her mind, the man already disappears. She looks for him in the city, then the watchmen (the guards) found her and beat her up. She appeals for help to the daughters of Jerusalem about her lovesick condition.[4]

Verse 2

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Book cover by Ephraim Moses Lilien for Das Hohelied, depicting the themes of doves and lilies.
I sleep, but my heart waketh: it is the voice of my beloved that knocketh, saying, Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my undefiled: for my head is filled with dew, and my locks with the drops of the night.[16]
  • "My love" (or "my [female] friend"; Hebrew: רעיתי, ra'-yā-ṯî[17]) a specific term of endearment used by the man for the woman that is used 9 times in the book (Song 1:9, 15; 2:2,10, 13; 4:1,7; 5:2; 6:4).[18][19] The masculine form of the same root word to call the man ("my [male] friend"; Hebrew: רעי, rê-'î[20]) is used in a parallel construction with "my beloved" (Hebrew: דודי, ḏōḏî[20]) in Song 5:16.[18] The repetition of "my (sister), my (love), my (dove), my (undefiled) is thought to enact the "knocking" of the beloved.[21]
  • "Locks": "curls" or "hair"[22]

Chorus: Challenge to compare the male lover (5:9)

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The "daughters of Jerusalem" want to know what the male lover looks like.[4]

Female: descriptive poem for the male (5:10-16)

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The woman describes her lover from head to toe in a waṣf or descriptive poem, using the imagery of fauna and flora for his head, then metals and precious stones for the rest of his body.[4] This waṣf and the other ones (4:1-8; 6:4-10; 7:2-10a (7:1-9a English)) theologically demonstrate the heart of the Song that values the body as not evil but good even worthy of praise, and respects the body with an appreciative focus (rather than lurid).[23] Hess notes that this reflects 'the fundamental value of God's creation as good and the human body as a key part of that creation, whether at the beginning (Genesis 1:26–28) or redeemed in the resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:42, 44)'.[23]

Verse 16

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His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely. This is my beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem.[24]

Musical settings

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See also: Song of Songs 4 § Verse 16b

The phrase Veniat dilectus meus and variant texts such as antiphons based on it have been set to music, for instance in Gregorian chant, and by composers including Alessandro Grandi and Pietro Torri.[27][28][29][30]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing Song of Songs 3:11, after the word ציון ("Zion"), to the end.[6]
  2. ^ Another use of rê·'î in the Hebrew Bible is in Job 31:9 (as "my neighbour").[26]

References

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  1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 279.
  2. ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. ^ a b Brenner 2007, p. 429.
  4. ^ a b c d e Brenner 2007, p. 431.
  5. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
  6. ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
  7. ^ Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill. p. 745. ISBN 9789004181830. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  8. ^ Dead sea scrolls - Song of Songs.
  9. ^ Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 42. ISBN 9780802862419. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  10. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  11. ^ CANTICUM CANTICORUM 5 at Vatican website.
  12. ^ Song of Solomon 4:16b World English Bible
  13. ^ Gill, J., Gill's Exposition on Song of Solomon 5, accessed 14 January 2023
  14. ^ Song 5:1 NKJV
  15. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 963 Hebrew Bible.
  16. ^ Song 5:2 KJV
  17. ^ a b Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 5:2. Biblehub
  18. ^ a b c d Bergant 2001, p. 19.
  19. ^ a b Strong's Concordance: 7474. rayah. Biblehub
  20. ^ a b c d Hebrew Text Analysis: Song of Solomon 5:16. Biblehub
  21. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 964 Hebrew Bible.
  22. ^ Note [b] on Song of Solomon 5:2 in NKJV
  23. ^ a b Hess 2005, p. 127.
  24. ^ Song 5:16 KJV
  25. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 965 Hebrew Bible.
  26. ^ Englishman's Concordance: rê·'î — 2 Occurrences. Biblehub
  27. ^ Veniat dilectus meus in hortum at gregorien.info
  28. ^ Alessandro Grandi: Celesti fiori – Motetti at www.muziekweb.nl
  29. ^ RISM 455034494.
  30. ^ Veniat dilectus meus from Mus.ms. 30299 at Berlin State Library website.

Sources

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