Social apartheid is de facto segregation on the basis of class or economic status, in which an underclass is forced to exist separated from the rest of the population.[1]
The word "apartheid", an Afrikaans word meaning "separation", gained its current connotation during the years of South Africa's Apartheid system of government-imposed racial segregation, which took place between 1948 and early 1994.
As part of that system, the then-National Party-run government declared certain regions as being "for whites only", with populations of people of color being forcibly relocated to designated, remote areas, that were deemed less desirable to live in, under the Group Areas Act. The racial segregation and many other negative consequences that resulted from that Act remain in place today, despite South Africa now being a democracy.
This is especially obvious in Cape Town, where spatial planning under the Group Areas Act was so "successful" in terms of its intended outcomes, that many areas remain with very similar racial demographics to the way they were during Apartheid - generationally-transferred societal stratification.
Urban apartheid
editTypically a component in social apartheid, urban apartheid refers to the spatial segregation of minorities to remote areas. In the context of South African Apartheid, this is defined by the reassigning of the four racial groups defined by the Population Registration Act of 1950, into "Group Areas" as outlined by the Group Areas Act of 1950.[2] Outside of the South African context, the term has also come to be used to refer to ghettoization of minority populations in cities within particular suburbs or neighborhoods.
Notable cases
editLatin America
editBrazil and Venezuela
editThe term has become common in Latin America in particular in societies where the polarization between rich and poor has become pronounced and has been identified in public policy as a problem that needs to be overcome, such as in Brazil, where the term was coined to describe a situation where wealthy neighbourhoods are protected from the general population by walls, electric barbed wire and private security guards[3] and where inhabitants of the poor slums are subjected to violence.[4]
Asia
editMalaysia
editIn Malaysia, as part of the concept of Ketuanan Melayu (lit. Malay supremacy), a citizen that is not considered to be of Bumiputera status face many roadblocks and discrimination in matters such as economic freedom, education, healthcare and housing.[5]
Europe
editFrance and Northern Ireland
editThe term social apartheid has also been used to explain and describe the ghettoization of Muslim immigrants to Europe in impoverished suburbs and as a cause of rioting and other violence.[6] A notable case is the social situation in the French suburbs, in which largely impoverished Muslim immigrants being concentrated in particular housing projects, and being provided with an inferior standard of infrastructure and social services.[7] The issue of urban apartheid in France was highlighted as such in the aftermath of the 2005 civil unrest in France.[8] It has also be used to describe the segregation in Northern Ireland.
Africa
editSouth Africa
editIn South Africa, the term "social apartheid" has been used to describe persistent post-Apartheid forms of exclusion and de facto segregation which exist based on class but which have a racial component, because the majority of poor individuals in South Africa are black.[9][10] "Social apartheid" has been cited as a factor in the composition of HIV/AIDS in South Africa.[11]
National, provincial, and Municipal governments have rolled out various initiatives over the years which have been aimed at reversing the historic negative consequences of the Group Areas Act, and its racial segregation in terms of the country's suburbs. One such example is the City of Cape Town approving the use of land for below-market rate housing development (a form of social housing), such as that in the Conradie Park development in Pinelands.[12][13][14]
This kind of zoning approval and funding support means that those who could not otherwise afford to live near to where they work (which, in the case of Cape Town, is likely somewhere in the City Bowl, where many companies are headquartered), can now have the opportunity to do so. That, in turn, enables them to find meaningful work (or any work), as well as have shorter commute times, and enjoy the nicer areas of the city in their free time, which are then more easily accessible to them. This building of affordable housing in well-reasoned areas is a major move towards reversing the impacts of past unequal treatment of racial groups in South Africa.[12][13][14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Charles Murray. The advantages of social apartheid. US experience shows Britain what to do with its underclass – get it off the streets. The Sunday Times. April 3, 2005.
- ^ South Africa Glossary, impulscentrum.be
- ^ Michael Lowy. The Long March of Brazil's Labor Party. Brazil: A Country Marked by Social Apartheid. Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture, vol.2 no.2, Spring 2003
- ^ Emilia R. Pfannl. (May 2004). "The Other War Zone: Poverty and Violence in the Slums of Brazil". Damocles. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04.
- ^ Chew, Amy. "Malaysia's dangerous racial and religious trajectory". Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ "Muslim mothers promote diversity at schools in France". The Express Tribune. 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
- ^ Urban apartheid in France, mondediplo.com
- ^ Civil Unrest in France, riotsfrance.ssrc.org
- ^ Kate Stanley. Call of the conscience; As circumstances focus Western eyes on Africa, American visitors find the place less a mystery than they expected. Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), October 1, 2000.
- ^ Andrew Kopkind. A reporter's notebook; facing South Africa. The Nation: November 22, 1986.
- ^ Rochelle R. Davidson. HIV/AIDS in South Africa: A Rhetorical and Social Apartheid. Villanova University (2004).
- ^ a b "New Conradie Park affordable housing project in Pinelands making progress". The City of Cape Town. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ a b The Department of Transport and Public Works (4 February 2022). "Western Cape Government hands over first Social Housing Units at Conradie Park". The Western Cape Government. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
- ^ a b "Social Housing in Cape Town | Conradie Park". Own Haven Housing Association. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2024.