The siege of Venlo was a 12-day siege of the city of Venlo commenced by the Grand Alliance which saw the city being taken after being occupied by French troops the year before. The siege of Venlo in 1702 was one of many sieges that Venlo had endured throughout its history.
| Siege of Venlo | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War of the Spanish Succession | |||||||||
 Depiction of the 1702 siege of Venlo by Daniël Marot | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Dutch Republic |
 France Bourbon Spain | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Earl of Athlone van Coehoorn Nicolas Fagel Nassau-Usingen |
Count of Varo Count de Labadie | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 25,000 men[2] | 2,500 men[3][note 1] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 1,100[2] | 839[2] | ||||||||
Background
editThe Spanish king, Charles II died in 1700 without an heir to his throne. Ever since Charles' death, there had been disputes about his succession. The two main claimants to his throne were Philip of Anjou. And Charles VI of the house of Habsburg. These tensions of who was to succeed Charles II escalated into a full-scale war between Spain loyal to Philip of Anjou backed by France and its allies. And Spain loyal to Charles VI backed by the Grand Alliance.
The War of the Spanish Succession had commenced in the Netherlands in 1702 with the Allied siege and capture of Kaiserswerth, and with the unsuccessful assault of the French army on Nijmegen. The French forces that invaded Zeeland were repelled when they tried to take Middelburg. Marlborough took command of the combined Anglo-Dutch army on 1 July and at the head of 60,000 men went on the offensive by moving into the Spanish Netherlands. Like Frederick Henry in 1632,[a] the British commander followed the course of the river Meuse. The river was very important as a line of operation, because, due to the inadequacy of the land roads at that time, the possession of a river or a canal to transport an army's military necessities was not only advantageous, but almost necessary.[5]
After outmaneuvering the French army of Boufflers, Marlborough proceeded with the allied army towards Venlo, where the Dutch Obdam and Prussian General Von Heiden had already invested the city. Venlo could not be considered a particularly strong fortress, neither due to its location nor its defensive works. Originally, like all strongholds in the Spanish Netherlands, it had been in a state of total neglect. However, in the last year, it had been put in better condition by the French. Venlo and the associated fort Sint-Michiel were occupied by 2,500 French troops under Brigadier de Labadie. The governor of the city was the Count of Varo.[6]
Battle
editAlthough it lasted for 12 days, the siege of Venlo was a bloody event due to the large usage of artillery. Before the siege itself, famine and hot weather were present in the city. And due to the massive movement of soldiers which spread disease, caused the population of Venlo to decline by 10%.[7] Christian Davies, who was a dragoon of the army. States that the inhabitants of Venlo fled the city and left their implements behind during the siege.[8]
6 days after the initial siege started, Allied forces stormed and assaulted the Citadel, and on the 23rd of September, the garrison of Venlo was forced to surrender.[8]
Aftermath
editThe Allied victory at Venlo was a major victory for the Grand Alliance, because the victory marked a turning point in the Low Countries which saw the French invasion of the Netherlands get repelled and the War opening up in the Southern Netherlands and near the Meuse. The 1702 siege of Venlo was also one of the most significant sieges of the history of Venlo and one of the most significant sieges in the Low Countries during the Spanish War of Succession. King Louis XIV saw the taking of the city as a major defeat. He stated that the city of Venlo was the key to Guelders and further fortresses located near the Rhine which were important factors to French defence and Military success.[1]
After victory in Venlo, the Grand Alliance saw even more success in which the Allied forces took the cities of Stevensweert, Roermond and Liège among the Meuse.[5]
Venlo itself along with other parts of Spanish Guelders were ceded to the Dutch Republic after the Peace of Utrecht.
Notes
edit- ^ See the Capture of Maastricht
References
edit- ^ a b Coetzee 2013, p. 242.
- ^ a b c Nimwegen 1995, p. 101.
- ^ Nimwegen 1995, p. 100.
- ^ Wijn 1956, p. 150.
- ^ a b Knoop 1861, p. 347.
- ^ Wijn 1956, pp. 149–151.
- ^ Snoddgrass 2017, p. 80.
- ^ a b Falkner 2005.
Sources
edit- Philosophers of War, The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers (E-book ed.). ABC-CLIO. 2013. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-07033-4.
- World Epidemics, A Cultural Chronology of Disease from Prehistory to the Era of Zika (E-book ed.). McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 2017. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4766-3106-6.
- Knoop, Willem Jan (1861). Krijgs- en geschiedkundige geschriften. Deel 1 [Martial and historical writings. Volume 1] (in Dutch). H. A. M. Roelants.
- Wijn, J.W. (1956). Het Staatsche Leger: Deel VIII Het tijdperk van de Spaanse Successieoorlog [The Dutch States Army: Part VIII The era of the War of the Spanish Succession] (in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff.
- Nimwegen, Olaf van (1995). De subsistentie van het leger: Logistiek en strategie van het Geallieerde en met name het Staatse leger tijdens de Spaanse Successieoorlog in de Nederlanden en het Heilige Roomse Rijk (1701-1712) [The subsistence of the Allied and especially the Dutch army during the War of the Spanish Succession] (Thesis) (in Dutch). Universiteit Utrecht.
- Marlborough's Wars: Eyewitness Accounts, 1702–1713 (E-book ed.). Pen & Sword Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-78159-685-2.