In law, seriatim (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order in which the issues were originally presented to the court.
Legal usage
editA seriatim opinion is an opinion delivered by a court with multiple judges, in which each judge reads his or her own opinion rather than a single judge writing an opinion on behalf of the entire court. Traditionally, judges read in order of reverse seniority, with the most junior judge speaking first.[1] In the United States, this practice was discontinued in favour of majority opinions contra the British tradition of separate opinions.[2]
In the United Kingdom
editMost frequently used in modern times (when used at all) pleadings as a shorthand for "one by one in sequence". For example, in English civil cases, defence statements generally used to conclude with the phrase "save as expressly admitted herein, each allegation of the plaintiffs is denied as if set out in full and traversed herein seriatim." This formulation is now superfluous under the English Civil Procedure Rules, especially rule 16.5 (3)–(5).[3]
Also sometimes seen in older deeds and contracts as a more traditional way of incorporating terms of reference. For example "the railway by-laws shall apply to the contract as if set out herein seriatim."
It is sometimes found as part of the longer phrase breviatim et seriatim, meaning "briefly and in series".
The term is also used when replying to a communication that contains a number of points, issues or questions to denote that the responses are in the same order in which they were raised in the original document: "To deal with your queries seriatim..."
In England, use of the word, and other Latin phrases, has become less frequent in legal discourse as a result of the Woolf Reforms and, among other factors, efforts by groups such as the Plain Language Movement to promote the use of "plain English" in legal discourse.[citation needed]
In the United States
editThis article or section appears to contradict itself. (February 2022) |
During the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall, 1801 to 1805, the practice of judicial opinions being delivered in seriatim was discontinued. It was restored by Justice William Johnson, who, from 1805 through 1833, wrote nearly half of the Supreme Court's dissenting opinions.[4][5]
In 2009, Title III, Rule 15(a)(1) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding Amended and Supplemental Pleadings (part of pretrial procedure) was amended to allow three changes in the time previously allowed to make one change.[6]
This provision will force the pleader to consider carefully and promptly the wisdom of amending to meet the arguments in the motion... and will expedite determination of issues that otherwise might be raised seriatim.
The right to make changes now ends 21 days after service of a motion.[6]
Actuarial usage
editActuarial calculations made in respect of a database (such as insurance policies or asset holdings) may be referred to as seriatim. This implies calculation results are produced for each database record explicitly, i.e., without model compression (data grouping) and before summation.
References
edit- ^ Rotunda, Ronald D. (9 October 2017). "The Fall of Seriatim Opinions and the Rise of the Supreme Court". Verdict. Justia. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ^ Kahn, Paul W. (2019-03-06). "The "Seriatim Practice" of the Supreme Court". Yale University Press Blog. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
- ^ "Content of defence 16.5 (3)–(5)". Statements Of Case – Civil Procedure Rules. Ministry of Justice UK. 10 September 2013.
- ^ Oliver Schroeder, J. (1947). The Life and Judicial Work of Justice William Johnson, Jr. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 95(3), 344. doi:10.2307/3309619
- ^ Morgan, D. (1944). Mr. Justice William Johnson and the Constitution. Harvard Law Review, 57(3), 328-361. doi:10.2307/1335111
- ^ a b "United States Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Title III, Rule 15". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2013.