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Seagull Monument

40°46′11″N 111°53′34″W / 40.76972°N 111.89278°W / 40.76972; -111.89278

Seagull Monument
Seagull Monument with Assembly Hall in background
Map
LocationSalt Lake City, Utah,
United States
DesignerMahonri Young
MaterialGranite stone with bronze sculptures
Dedicated dateOctober 1, 1913
Dedicated toMiracle of the gulls

The Seagull Monument is a historic monument situated immediately east of the Salt Lake Assembly Hall on Temple Square, in Salt Lake City, Utah. Created by artist Mahonri Young, the monument commemorates an 1848 event in which seagulls were observed to devour crop-destroying Mormon crickets, following prayers for divine intervention against the insects. This event is referred to as the miracle of the gulls in the culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

The work was placed on Temple Square in 1913 and is believed to be the first monument dedicated to birds in the United States.[1]

Miracle of the gulls

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Main article: Miracle of the gulls

In 1848, the Mormon pioneers planted crops during their first spring season living in the Salt Lake Valley. As the crops matured, Mormon crickets descended upon the farms and consumed entire fields. The harvest was saved when the pioneer settlers offered prayers to God for assistance, which prayers were believed to be answered when flocks of native seagulls devoured the crickets. This event, popularly called the "miracle of the gulls," is remembered by Latter-day Saints as a miracle.[2]

History

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Creation

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The idea for a monument commemorating the miracle came from George E. Carpenter, an editor at the Deseret News, and was inspired by a request he made for Young to create seagull drawings for the 1907 Christmas Edition of the newspaper.[3][4] After the monument had been conceived of in July 1907, Young had its basic design completed within ten days.[5] During that fall's Utah State Fair, a model of the monument was exhibited.[6]

Initially, Young tried to get the church to finance the project, but funds were not available.[7] While the monument was being pitched, there were a number of locations proposed for its placement, including both Temple Square and Liberty Park.[8] The local Manufacturers and Merchants' Association was very interested in getting the monument erected, and started, in 1908, a subscription list to support its creation.[9][10] Young made another request to church leadership after he had completed the statues of Joseph and Hyrum Smith for Temple Square in 1909, but the church was constructing the Hotel Utah and again could not support the monument's creation.[7] A few years later, and desperate for work, Young approached church leadership once more and pleaded with them to fund the project. This time his request was approved, and in July 1912, the church, represented by Presiding Bishop Charles W. Nibley, signed the contract providing for the creation of the monument, with its placement to be on Temple Square.[11][4][12]

The site initially proposed for the monument, just south of the Salt Lake Temple, was not satisfactory to Young, who felt the monument would be dwarfed by the large building. Instead he selected a spot near the Assembly Hall, where the open sky could provide a better background for the monument, and church leaders approved.[11][13] Excavation for the monument's foundation began in April 1913, with the original plan being to dedicate the completed work on July 24 (Pioneer Day in Utah).[14][15] Eight pieces of granite stone, which made up the base, shaft, and capital of the monument were put in place in June. The granite pieces came from a quarry in Mount Airy, North Carolina and weighed 67,000 pounds (30,000 kg).[16] Towards the end of September, Young arrived with the bronze pieces which were then placed on the monument.[17]

Dedication

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The American flags are dropped during the unveiling on October 1, 1913

On October 1, 1913, the monument was dedicated in a ceremony presided over by Bishop Nibley and attended by an estimated 5,000 persons. Prior to the unveiling, three American flags concealed the gulls atop the monument and bronze panels on the pedestal. At 10:50 am, Emmeline B. Wells, president of the church's Relief Society, pulled the cords to release the flags, revealing the works of art to the gathered crowd. Wells had witnessed the 1848 miracle as a 21-year-old woman, and she spoke briefly following the unveiling. William W. Riter then gave a history of the miracle, after which the band played The Star-Spangled Banner. The artist was then introduced to the crowd, and thereafter church President Joseph F. Smith addressed the crowd and gave the dedicatory prayer. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir then sang Utah, We Love Thee and Francis M. Lyman closed the ceremony with a benediction.[18][19][20]

Later history

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When first placed on Temple Square, the monument was surrounded by a pool of water which contained water lilies and goldfish. The goldfish, confined in the pool, became easy food for live seagulls. The birds regularly cleared the water of the fish, so in 1944 they were replaced with larger rainbow trout.[21][22] The trout were fed poisoned wheat by an unknown perpetrator, or perpetrators, on multiple occasions,[23] and eventually fish were removed entirely from the pool.

The pool saw several alterations throughout the years. In 1968, circular fountains were added.[24][25] For many years, coins tossed into the water were periodically collected and donated by the church to nearby Primary Children's Hospital.[26] In 2008, the pool was replaced with a cascading water feature. In early 2024, the entire monument was temporarily removed from Temple Square, to allow for new landscaping as part of the multi-year renovation of the square and the Salt Lake Temple. When it was returned later that year, the pool had been replaced with flower beds and the gold leafing on the seagull sculpture atop the monument had been removed.[citation needed]

The monument is featured in the 1940 film, Brigham Young.[citation needed]

Design

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Bronze seagulls atop the monument, as they appeared when formerly gilded

The monument consists of a granite pedestal with a column topped by a large granite ball. Atop the ball is a bronze sculpture of two seagulls, which measure 8 feet (2.4 m) from wing tip to wing tip. When the monument was first placed on the square, the two seagulls were gilded with gold leaf and a circular pool of water, 40 feet (12 m) in diameter and filled with water lilies and goldfish, surrounded the pedestal.[18][27]

Around the monument's pedestal are four bronze relief panels, telling the story of the miracle of the gulls. The first panel, titled The Founding of the Commonwealth, depicts the early cultivation and settlement of Salt Lake Valley. It contains a scene with two oxen pulling a plow and behind follows the sower, to the right of the plowing is a woman preparing food near a temporary wagon-box home. Mount Olympus and the Twin Peaks are visible in the background and in the foreground is a seated Native American. The second panel, titled The Arrival of the Sea Gulls, features a disheartened pioneer man stooping down, while a woman, holding the hand of a child, looks towards the coming seagulls with hope; the northern end of the Oquirrh Mountains is visible in the background. The third panel, titled The First Harvest, depicts the harvesting of the miraculously-preserved crops. A man with a scythe is visible, while there are others binding the sheaves. In the foreground is a nursing mother, with a child and dog at her feet, while the background shows the first home built in the valley, with Ensign Peak above. The fourth panel contains a dedicatory inscription.[5][28]

Relief panels
 
The Founding of the Commonwealth[29]
 
The Arrival of the Sea Gulls[29]
 
The First Harvest[29]
 
Monument inscription

References

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  1. ^ "Know Your Utah". Deseret News and Telegram. Salt Lake City. June 29, 1956. p. 12B. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  2. ^ Saal, Mark (October 7, 2018). "Not since the bingeing/purging of the gulls have we seen such a mighty miracle". Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  3. ^ Hinton 1972, pp. 37, 40
  4. ^ a b "Monument To The Sea Gulls". Salt Lake Evening Telegram. Salt Lake City. July 10, 1912. p. 10. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Monument Proposed to Utah's Sacred Sea Gulls". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. July 20, 1907. p. 18. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  6. ^ "Young Utah Sculptor and His Latest Work". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. September 28, 1907. p. 26. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Hinton 1972, p. 37
  8. ^ "Sea-Gull Story Arouses Interest". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. April 1, 1908. p. 5. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  9. ^ "Speakers Urge United Effort". Salt Lake Herald. Salt Lake City. March 28, 1908. p. 12. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  10. ^ "Will Keep Alive A Pretty Legend". Salt Lake Evening Telegram. Salt Lake City. March 30, 1908. p. 6. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  11. ^ a b Hinton 1972, p. 39
  12. ^ "Sign Contract For Seagull Monument". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. July 11, 1912. p. 2. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  13. ^ Toone 1997, p. 102
  14. ^ "Excavating For Monument". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. April 18, 1913. p. 2.
  15. ^ "Dedication of Seagull Monument Planned For Pioneer Day". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. May 10, 1913. Section 3, Page 9. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  16. ^ "Monument Sections Here". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. June 26, 1913. p. 2. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  17. ^ "Will Place Seagulls On Marbel Shaft". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. September 22, 1913. p. 2. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  18. ^ a b "Beautiful Monument to Seagulls Uneiled Today". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City. October 1, 1913. pp. 1–2. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  19. ^ "Sea Gull Monument Unveiled - Solemn Dedication Ceremony". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City. October 2, 1913. p. 14. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  20. ^ "Unveiling Of Shaft Witnessed By 5000". Salt Lake Herald-Republican. Salt Lake City. October 2, 1913. pp. 1, 7. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  21. ^ "Utah Seagulls Desecrate Monument to Ancestors By Gulping Goldfish in Pond at Shrine". Salt Lake Telegram. Salt Lake City. May 23, 1942. p. 1. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  22. ^ "Rainbow Beauties Replace Goldfish In Seagull Pool". Church News. Salt Lake City. June 3, 1944. p. 1. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  23. ^ "Trout Poisoner Again Busy at Temple Square". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. February 11, 1946. p. 9. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  24. ^ "New Temple Square Look Enhances Conference". Church News. Salt Lake City. September 28, 1968. p. 4. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  25. ^ Scott, George L. (November 16, 1968). "Work To Beautify Temple Square Nearing Completion". Church News. Salt Lake City. p. 10. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  26. ^ "Rumor Mill". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. August 20, 1971. p. A19. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  27. ^ "Dedicate Young's Monument To Gulls". Salt Lake Herald-Republican. Salt Lake City. October 1, 1913. pp. 1, 7. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  28. ^ Toone 1997, pp. 98–102
  29. ^ a b c Toone 1997, pp. 100–101

Bibliography

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Further reading

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