Schizaeales is an order of ferns (class Polypodiopsida).
| Schizaeales | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lygodium japonicum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Subclass: | Polypodiidae |
| Order: | Schizaeales Schimp. |
| Families | |
Description
edit| Phylogeny of Schizaeaceae[1][2][3] |
While the three clades of Schizaeales are all well-distinguished from one another by numerous morphological characters, members of the order all have dimorphic fertile and sterile fronds and lack well-defined sori. Their sporangia have a horizontal annulus that lies below and completely encircles the top of the sporangium.[4] The two genera Actinostachys and Schizaea (except for Microschizaea) in the family Schizaeaceae have subterranean gametophytes without chlorophyll.[5]
Classification
editIn the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, the Schizaeales were placed in the leptosporangiate ferns, class Polypodiopsida. Three families, Anemiaceae, Lygodiaceae, and Schizaeaceae were recognized.[4] The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009)[6] which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida,[7] reclassified Smith's Polypodiopsida as subclass Polypodiidae and placed the Schizaeales there, with the same three families.[6] The classification of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) placed all members of the Schizaeales in a more broadly defined Schizaeaceae, reducing the three existing families to subfamilies as Anemioideae, Lygodioideae, and Schizaeoideae.[8] The PPG I classification (2016) returned to the three-family definition of the order.[9]
Historically, the ferns in this order were once all lumped into the family Schizaeaceae in the old order Filicales. However, although they are demonstrably related, these ferns differ markedly, and so three groups have now been elevated to family status:
- The family Schizaeaceae are generally small ferns with forking fronds and a distinctive, somewhat non-fern-like, appearance.
- The family Anemiaceae look very fern-like and are typically terrestrial or epipetric.
- The family Lygodiaceae, or climbing ferns, look very ferny but are highly distinctive in their growth habit: the rachis of the frond is long and flexible, with indeterminate growth, so that the fronds form climbing or trailing vines.
At one time some workers believed the water ferns (order Salviniales) to be allied to this order because of certain structural similarities,[10] but modern cladistic studies have ruled out any special alliance.
Evolution
editSchizaeales had a northern hemisphere concentration as late as the Mesozoic, but by the Quaternary, there was a clear shift to a southern hemisphere distribution.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Stevens, P. F. (July 2017). "Evolution of land plants". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website v14. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
- ^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ a b Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (August 2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. JSTOR 25065646.
- ^ Systematics and Plastome Evolution in Schizaeaceae
- ^ a b Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (18 February 2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2.
- ^ Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (October 2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 122–127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x.
- ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Chase, Mark W. (13 February 2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (4): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
- ^ The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
- ^ Pichi Sermolli, R. E. G. (1973). "An historical review of the higher classification of the Filicopsida". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 67 (Supplement No. 1): 21.
External links
edit- C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Fern. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment. topic ed. Saikat Basu