Saul Levi Morteira or Mortera (c. 1596 – 10 February 1660) was a rabbi in Amsterdam. He was born in Venice, so he was neither a Sephardic or Ashkenazic Jew. He became a prominent figure in the city's community of exiled Portuguese Jews. His polemical writings against Catholicism had wide circulation.[1][2][3]
Saul Levi Morteira | |
|---|---|
 Illustration of Morteira, 1912 | |
| Personal | |
| Born | c. 1596 |
| Died | 10 February 1660 (aged 63–64) |
| Religion | Judaism |
Life
editMorteira was a student of prominent Italian rabbi Leon de Modena. In a Spanish poem Daniel Levi de Barrios speaks of him as being a native of Germany ("de Alemania natural"). From the age of thirteen, Morteira accompanied Elijah Montalto to Paris and served as his secretary at the Louvre until 1616. When Montalto died, Morteira escorted the body of the physician from France to Amsterdam, where a Jewish community had been openly established and he could have a Jewish burial.[4][5] In Amsterdam he married a poor Jewish orphan, whose dowry was provided by a Jewish charity for poor women. This marital pattern was typical for rabbis in Amsterdam at the time. Rabbis were not desirable candidates for marriage into rich Sephardi families. The fact that Morteira was from Venice and not a Sephardi Jew might have also been a factor, despite his eminence as a rabbi.[6]
The Sephardic Congregation Beth Jaacob ("House of Jacob") in Amsterdam elected him hakham in succession to Moses ben Aroyo.[7] Morteira was the founder of the congregational school Keter Torah, in the highest class of which he taught Talmud and Jewish philosophy. He was the senior rabbi when the three Amsterdam congregations merged in 1639, outranking Menasseh Ben Israel, and receiving an annual remuneration of 600 guilders. The two rabbis had strong differences of opinion. Morteira was fiercely anti-Christian, while Ben Israel sought to bridge the religious divide between Jews and Christians, particularly dissenting Protestants. Their feuding prompted the intervention of the Mahamad, the political arm of the community, to prevent the rabbis' disputes from becoming open and a source of instability in the congregation.[8] Among his most notable pupils were Moses Zacuto, Abraham Cohen Pimentel, and Baruch Spinoza.
Morteira was concerned about members of the congregation violating Jewish law and questioning rabbinic authority. He instigated an investigation against physician Daniel de Prado (also known as Dr. Juan de Prado, born in Andalusia c. 1614),[9] who held deist beliefs, and Daniel de Ribeira, a Catalan convert to Judaism, then apostate from it.[10] Both "held a deprecatory and cynical view of the Law of Moses", doubted the divine nature of Scripture, and argued against the immortality of the soul. Their views influenced Spinoza.[11] Morteira and Isaac da Fonseca Aboab (Manasseh ben Israel was at that time in England) were members of the Mahamad which on 27 July 1656 pronounced the decree of cherem (excommunication) against Spinoza.[7]
Works
editSome of Morteira's pupils published Gibeat Shaul (Amsterdam, 1645), a collection of fifty sermons on the Pentateuch, selected from 500 derashot written by Morteira.[12]
Morteira wrote in Spanish Tractado de la Verdad de la Ley (translated into Hebrew by Isaac Gomez de Gosa under the title Torat Moshch, in 66 chapters), apologetics of Judaism and attacks against Christianity. This work (excerpts from which are given in Jacques Basnage, Histoire de la Religion des Juifs) and other writings of Morteira, on immortality, revelation, etc., are still in manuscript.
Morteira's polemical sermons in Hebrew against the Catholic Church were published,[13] but his Portuguese writings against Calvinism remained unpublished.[14]
References
edit- ^ Bodian, Miriam. Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997, p 165
- ^ Méchoulan, Henry (1991) Être juif à Amsterdam au temps de Spinoza, p 178
- ^ "Saul Levi Mortera en zijn Traktaat betreffende de Waarheid van de wet van Mozes, Braga, 1988."
- ^ Bodian, Hebrews of the Jewish Nation, 165
- ^ Popkin, Richard H. (1991). The Third Force in Seventeenth Century Thought. Leiden: Brill. p. 155.
- ^ Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation, 170, note 4
- ^ a b
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Deutsch, Gotthard; Mannheimer, S. (1905). "Morteira (Mortera), Saul Levi". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 37.
- ^ Israel, Jonathan I. Spinoza, Life and Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2023, 53-54, 65.
- ^ Israel, Jonathan, Spinoza, Life and Legacy, 54
- ^ Israel , Spinoza, 56-57
- ^ Swetschinski, Daniel M. Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization 2000, 271-74
- ^ Studies in Jewish manuscripts Joseph Dan, Klaus Herrmann, Johanna Hoornweg Page 171 1999 "In this way they gathered material, in the hope that their collection would impel Morteira to consent to publication. Eventually he decided to support the project.
- ^ Exile in Amsterdam: Saul Levi Morteira's sermons to a congregation Marc Saperstein Page 254 2005 "Although Morteira spoke in Portuguese and published in Hebrew, offensive or impertinent statements could become known ... to Dutch Calvinism as well, the main thrust of Morteira's polemic in his sermons is against the Catholic Church.
- ^ Hebrew Union College Annual Volumes 70-71 David Philipson - 2001 "Only later, in his unpublished Portuguese polemical work on the eternity of the Torah, did Morteira take up the cudgels against Calvin himself.9 Why was it important to polemicize against a form of Christianity that the members of his ."
Further reading
edit- Herman Prins Salomon: “O haham Saul Levi Mortera e a vaca vermelha” (Pará Adumá), pp. 83–104
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Deutsch, Gotthard; Mannheimer, S. (1905). "Morteira (Mortera), Saul Levi". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 37. Its bibliography:
- Auerbach, Berthold, Spinozas Werke, vol. i, pp. xxiv. et seq., Stuttgart, 1871;
- Azulai, C.J.D., Shem ha-Gedolim, ii.17, Warsaw, 1876;
- Isaac Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 93;
- Freudenthal, Jacob, Die Lebensgeschichte Spinozas, pp. 4–11, 113–114, et passim, Leipzig, 1899;
- —, Spinoza, Sein Leben, 1904, i;
- Fürst, Julius, Bibliotheca Judaica ii.391;
- Grätz, Heinrich, Geschichte der Juden ix.503; x.9-11, 169, 175, ib. 1868;
- Kayserling, Meyer, Geschichte der Juden in Portugal, pp. 275, 310, ib. 1867 (available here);
- Steinschneider, Moritz, Catalogus Librorum Hebræorum in Bibliotheca Bodleiana cols. 2508–2509;
- Wolf, Johann Christoph, Bibliotheca Hebræa.
External links
edit
Media related to Saul Levi Morteira at Wikimedia Commons
