Satanoperca is a small genus of cichlids from South America, where they are known from the Orinoco, Essequibo, Nickerie, Amazon and Paraná–Paraguay river basins.[1][2] They are mainly found in areas with slow-moving waters,[3] but some species have also been recorded from rapids.[4]
| Satanoperca | |
|---|---|
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| |
| S. leucosticta | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Subfamily: | Cichlinae |
| Tribe: | Geophagini |
| Subtribe: | Geophagina |
| Genus: | Satanoperca Günther, 1862 |
| Type species | |
| Geophagus daemon Heckel, 1840
| |
They are part of a group popularly known as eartheaters and feed by picking up mouthfuls of sand to sift out food items such as invertebrates, plant material and detritus (the only exception is mid-water feeding S. acuticeps).[3] They often feed in small groups and one individual may act as a watchman, which will charge an approaching piranha with its mouth open and fins erected. The Satanoperca in the group take turn acting as watchman.[3]
Satanoperca are up to 25.5 cm (10 in) in standard length, but the smallest species reach less than 2⁄3 that size.[2] The species fall into two or three main groups: The S. daemon group (including S. lilith) are relatively large, and have a distinct dark spot on the tail and one or two dark spots on the side of the body. S. acuticeps is rather similar and variably placed in its own group or included in the S. daemon group, but it has three dark spots on the body and a differently shaped mouth. The remaining species are part of the S. jurupari group, which may have a small tail-spot and may have a poorly defined pattern of dark bands or blotches on the body, but always lack distinct dark spots on the body.[5][6][7]
Species
editThere are currently 9 recognized species in this genus.[1][2] Additionally, several undescribed species are known.[6]
- Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840) (Sharphead eartheater)
- Satanoperca curupira Ota et al., 2018[7]
- Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840) (Threespot eartheater)
- Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840) (Demon eartheater)
- Satanoperca leucosticta (J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1848)
- Satanoperca lilith S. O. Kullander & E. J. G. Ferreira, 1988 (One-spotted eartheater, Lilith's eartheater)
- Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)
- Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840) (Pantanal eartheater)
- Satanoperca rhynchitis S. O. Kullander, 2012
- Satanoperca setepele Ota, Deprá, Kullander, Graça & Pavanelli, 2022[8]
References
edit- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Satanoperca". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Satanoperca". FishBase. July 2019 version.
- ^ a b c van der Sleen, Peter; Albert, James S., eds. (25 December 2018). Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton Field Guides, 81. Princeton University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0691170749.
- ^ Kullander, S.O. (2012). "A taxonomic review of Satanoperca (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from French Guiana, South America, with description of a new species". Cybium. 36 (1): 247–262. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Kullander, Sven O.; Ferreira, Efrem Jorge Gondim (January 1988). "A new Satanoperca species (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Amazon River basin in Brazil". Cybium. 12 (4): 343–355. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ a b Willis, Stuart C.; López-Fernández, Hernán; Montaña, Carmen G.; Farias, Izeni P. & Ortí, Guillermo (2 March 2012) [18 November 2011]. "Species-level phylogeny of 'Satan's perches' based on discordant gene trees (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Satanoperca Günther 1862)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (3): 798–808. Bibcode:2012MolPE..63..798W. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.018. PMID 22406409. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ a b Ota, Renata Rúbia; Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho; Kullander, Sven O.; Júnio da Graça, Weferson; Pavanelli, Carla Simone (17 December 2021) [February 2018]. "Satanoperca curupira, a new cichlid species from the rio Madeira basin in Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae)". Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (4): e210116. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0116. ISSN 1982-0224. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (12 January 2022). "Satanoperca setepele Ota, Deprá, Kullander, Graça & Pavanelli 2022". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database: Name of the Week. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
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