The Sarco pod (also known as Pegasos and has been referred to as a "suicide pod"[1]) is a euthanasia device or machine consisting of a 3D-printed detachable capsule mounted on a stand that contains a canister of liquid nitrogen to die by suicide through inert gas asphyxiation. "Sarco" is short for "sarcophagus".[2][3] It is used in conjunction with an inert gas (nitrogen) which decreases oxygen levels rapidly which prevents panic, sense of suffocation and struggling before unconsciousness, known as the hypercapnic alarm response[4]: 45 caused by the presence of high carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood.[4] The Sarco was invented by euthanasia campaigner Philip Nitschke in 2017. Nitschke said in 2021 that he sought and received legal advice about the device's legality in Switzerland.[5]
History
editThe Sarco is an expansion of the hypoxic death provided by a suicide bag. Many people will not consider euthanasia by suicide bag for aesthetic reasons, or may feel claustrophobic inside a bag. Nitschke calls this the "plastic bag factor".[6] The Sarco was developed to address these objections.
Mechanics
editAccess to the Sarco will be controlled by an online test to gauge mental fitness. If applicants pass, they receive an access code to a Sarco device which is valid for 24 hours.[7]
Users of the Sarco can choose either a dark or transparent view from the capsule. The transparent view would be chosen if they wish to transport the machine to a particular location to see a certain vista from the machine.[8] The inventor feels that "where you die is certainly an important factor".[7]
The capsule of Sarco provides for a rapid decrease in oxygen level while maintaining a low level of carbon dioxide. On activation, 4 litres (1.1 US gal) of liquid nitrogen causes the oxygen level to drop silently to less than 5% in less than one minute. According to Nitschke: "The occupant presses the button and the capsule is filled with nitrogen. They will feel a bit dizzy but will then rapidly lose consciousness and die."[2]
Design and manufacture
editThe design of the device was a collaboration between Nitschke and Dutch industrial designer Alexander Bannink.
Sarco is 3D-printed in sections measuring 1,000 by 500 by 500 millimetres (39 by 20 by 20 in). The design software allows for devices of different sizes to be made according to the client's dimensions. Nitschke has said that the design is intended to resemble that of a spaceship, in order to give users the feel that they are traveling to the "great beyond".[9]
Nitschke planned to release the open source plans for the Sarco by 2019.[7]
Reactions
editThaddeus Pope, a bioethicist at the Mitchell Hamline School of Law, said the debate over Sarco may result in a new way of approaching end-of-life options by legislators, saying that "That might be bigger or more important than the actual Sarco itself," and that Nitschke was "illustrating the limitations of the medical model and forcing us to think."[10]
Critics have described the device as "just a glorified gas chamber", and others have raised concerns that it is glamourising suicide,[11] and could lead to "suicide contagions" that inspire additional deaths.[12]
In 2024, right to die organisation "The Last Resort" announced the Sarco pod would be used in Switzerland for the first time. In response, the cantonal doctor of Valais issued a precautionary ban on its use.[13]
On 23 September 2024, police in the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen arrested several people, including possibly The Last Resort CEO Florian Willet, after a 64-year-old woman from the United States had used the machine. The public prosecutor's office for the canton announced the opening of criminal proceedings for the inducement, aiding and abetting of suicide.[14][15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Wakefield, Jane (9 December 2021). "Maker of suicide pod plans to launch in Switzerland". BBC News. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Nitschke's 'suicide machine' draws crowds at Amsterdam funeral fair". The Guardian. 15 April 2018. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ Overington, Caroline (25 November 2017). "Philip Nitschke invents suicide capsule with 3D printer". The Australian. News Corporation. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
- ^ a b Nitschke, Philip; Stewart, Fiona (2016). "Hypoxic Death and the Exit bag". The Peaceful Pill Handbook. Exit International US Limited. ISBN 9780975833919.
- ^ "Sarco suicide capsule hopes to enter Switzerland". swissinfo.ch. 6 December 2021.
Last year, we sought senior advice on the legality of using Sarco in Switzerland for assisted dying. This review has been completed and we're very pleased with the result
- ^ "Meet The Elon Musk Of Assisted Suicide, Whose Machine Lets You Kill Yourself Anywhere". Newsweek. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ a b c Nitschke, Philip (5 April 2018). "Here's Why I Invented A 'Death Machine' That Lets People Take Their Own Lives". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- ^ De Jong, Marjolein (6 December 2017). "An Australian Doctor Built a Machine That Helps People Die". Vice. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ Erickson, Amanda (15 April 2018). "An euthanasia expert just unveiled his 'suicide machine' at an Amsterdam funeral fair". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ "A 3-D Printed Pod Inflames the Assisted Suicide Debate". The New York Times. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ Cuthbertson, Anthony (17 April 2018). "Suicide machine that could be controlled by the blink of an eye sparks euthanasia debate". The Independent. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ Mark, Julian (9 December 2021). "In the works for years, a suicide machine will soon be tested in Switzerland". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021.
- ^ "Swiss Suicide Capsule to be used in Switzerland this year, says euthanasia organisation". Swissinfo. 17 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ Zwitserse politie pakt mensen op na dood van vrouw in 'zelfdodingscapsule’
- ^ "Swiss police make arrests after 'suicide pod' used by American woman". The Local. 24 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.