Santalum austrocaledonicum, or New Caledonia sandalwood, is a sandalwood tree from the family Santalaceae. It is a small tree with gray bark and green leaves, and is parasitic. Most have been removed from their habitat due to logging; very few trees remain in the wild.
| Santalum austrocaledonicum | |
|---|---|
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| Specimen on the Ile des Pins | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Santalales |
| Family: | Santalaceae |
| Genus: | Santalum |
| Species: | S. austrocaledonicum
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| Binomial name | |
| Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill. 1861
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Nomenclature
editThe species was described in 1861 by Eugène Vieillard.[1] It falls into the family Santalaceae, and shares the genus Santalum with such important species as S. album.[2] The species also includes three variations, S. A. austrocaledonicum, S. A. pilosulum, and S. A. minutum.[2] The Kanaks call the tree "Tibo".[3]
Characteristics
editSantalum austrocaledonicum typically grows 5 to 12 metres (16 to 39 ft) tall, and around 4 to 8 metres (13 to 26 ft) wide.[2] The trees flower after 6–7 years, and fruit matures in about 3 months.[4] Typically, the fruit outnumbers the flowers by 10 to 1.[4] The trees have gray bark, and short branches bearing light-green leaves.[4] They are considered semi-parasitic in their early stages:[2] their roots drink the sap of their host plant.[4]
Conservation
editThe tree's native habitat is on the islands of New Caledonia, as well as Vanuatu;[5] very little remains of it in its natural habitat, due to logging.[3] During the 1840s, Sandalwood traders came to New Caledonia and began taking wood, both of S. austrocaledonicum and various trees of the genus Agathis, off the islands at the rate of 8,000,000 kilograms (8,000 t) in the first 15 years.[6] In 1987, so much wood had been cut from Vanuatu that in January the government imposed restrictions on the amount of wood that could be logged.[7] In the past decade, 726,000 kilograms (726 t) of wood had been removed from Vanuatu's forests.[7] The land was never reforested correctly, due to ownership disputes;[6] and the tree is very slow to reforest itself.[2] Because of this, only around 20% of New Caledonia's land contains original forests.[6] As of 2006, the species only grew in small lots where it had been planted.[2]
References
edit- ^ "Santalum austrocaledonicum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ a b c d e f Thomson, Lex (2006), Santalum austrocaledoicum and S. yasi (sandalwood), Permanent Agriculture Resources
- ^ a b Maiden, Joseph Henry (1904), The Forest Flora of New South Wales (1st ed.), W. A. Gullick
- ^ a b c d Veillon, J. M.; Jaffre, T., Sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieillard) in New Caledonia: Taxonomy, Distribution, Ecology, Noumea: ORSTOM Centre
- ^ Harbaugh, Danica T.; Baldwin, Bruce G. (2006-11-03), "Phylogeny and biogeography of the sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae): repeated dispersals throughout the Pacific", American Journal of Botany, 94 (6), Botanical Society of America: 1028–40, doi:10.3732/ajb.94.6.1028, PMID 21636472
- ^ a b c Logan, Leanne; Cole, Geert (2001), New Caledonia, Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-86450-202-9
- ^ a b Bule, Leonard; Daruhi, Godfrey (1990), Status of Sandalwood Resources in Vanuatu, United States Forest Service