Sangeang Api (Gunung Api or Gunung Sangeang) is an active complex volcano on the island of Sangeang in Indonesia. It consists of two volcanic cones, 1,949 metres (6,394 ft) Doro Api and 1,795 m (5,889 ft) Doro Mantoi.[1] Sangeang Api is one of the most active volcanoes in the Lesser Sunda Islands.
| Sangeang Api | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,949 m (6,394 ft)[1] |
| Prominence | 1,949 m (6,394 ft)[2] |
| Listing | Ultra Ribu List of volcanoes in Indonesia |
| Coordinates | 8°11′48″S 119°04′12″E / 8.19667°S 119.07000°E[2] |
| Geography | |
  Sangeang Api Indonesia | |
| Location | Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Complex volcano |
| Last eruption | 2020[1] |
Location
editThe island of Sangeang is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It is located northeast of Sumbawa in the Flores Sea and is 13 km wide with an area of 153 km2.[3]
Historical literature
editThe earliest document mentioning the Sang Hyang Api volcano was found in 14th century Majapahit script of Nagarakretagama. "Gunung Api" also appears as the name for the mountain in the first chapter of the novel The Long Journey by Johannes V. Jensen.
Eruptions
editThe Sangeang Api and the Satonda volcanoes are eruption centers associated to the Tambora volcano.[4]
The Sangeang Api erupted in 1988 and the island's inhabitants were evacuated. Between its first recorded eruption in 1512 and 1989, it erupted 17 times. It erupted again during December 2012 and May 2014.[5][6]
2014 Eruption
edit
Since mid-June 2013, authorities had put the volcano on 'high alert' for a possible eruption. On May 30, 2014, a major eruption occurred at around 3:55 p.m. local time. Farmers working on the island were evacuated. Ash and smoke quickly rose to an altitude of 15–20 km (≈10–16 miles) into the sky.[6] By the next morning, the ash cloud had crossed the northwest coast of Australia in the Kimberley region, and airlines had cancelled flights into and from Darwin, Northern Territory. It later went as far as Alice Springs in the Northern Territory.[7] On 31 May some flights from Melbourne and Adelaide to Bali were also cancelled.[7]
Climate
editSangeang Api has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb). It has moderate rainfall from June to September and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall in the remaining months.
| Climate data for Sangeang Api summit | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.9 (71.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.8 (62.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
11.8 (53.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 776 (30.6) |
633 (24.9) |
571 (22.5) |
350 (13.8) |
193 (7.6) |
94 (3.7) |
64 (2.5) |
62 (2.4) |
95 (3.7) |
165 (6.5) |
365 (14.4) |
553 (21.8) |
3,921 (154.4) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org[8] | |||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ a b c "Sangeang Api". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ a b "Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- ^ Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 962-593-076-0.
- ^ Kempe, Stephan; Kazmierczak, Józef (1993). "Satonda Crater Lake, Indonesia: Hydrogeochemistry and Biocarbonate". Facies. 28: 1-31 (see p. 3). doi:10.1007/BF02539726.
- ^ Smithsonian Institution / SEAN (1989). Lindsay McClelland; Tom Simkin; Marjorie Summers; Elizabeth Nielsen; Thomas C Stein (eds.). Global Volcanism 1975-1985. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, and American Geophysical Union, Washington DC. pp. 217–219. ISBN 0-13-357203-X.
- ^ a b "Volcano Mount Sangiang Api erupts in Indonesia, farmers evacuated". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Ash grounds flights to Darwin, Bali". www.sbs.com.au. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ "Climate: Sangeang". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
External links
edit- NASA Space Shuttle images:
- STS112-E-5628 Directly from above volcano.
- STS61A-40-62