Wikipedia

Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In response to court action in a number of states, the United States federal government and a number of state legislatures passed or attempted to pass legislation either prohibiting or allowing same-sex marriage or other types of same-sex unions.

On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that states must allow same-sex marriage.

Federal level

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In 1996, the United States Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed Public Law 104–199, the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Section 3 of DOMA defines "marriage" and "spouse" for purposes of both federal law and any ruling, regulation, or interpretation by an administrative bureau or agency of the United States government.[1] The impact of Section 2 of DOMA, which relieves jurisdictions within the United States of any obligation to recognize same-sex relationships legally established in any other jurisdiction, is less clear.[2]

In United States v. Windsor, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of Section 3 of DOMA, which defines marriage for federal purposes as the union of a man and a woman.[3] On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote that the Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional.[4]

The State Marriage Defense Act, introduced in the House of Representatives on January 9, 2014, would require the federal government to recognize the validity of a marriage based on a person's legal residence (place of domicile), rather than on the validity of the marriage when and where it was solemnized (place of celebration). The Obama administration has generally used the latter standard. Its sponsors described it as a way to clarify the federal government's response to Windsor and restore the ability of the a state to control the definition of marriage within its borders.[5][6]

In Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage licenses as well as state bans on recognition of same-sex marriages from other states. On June 26, 2015, the court ruled by a 5–4 vote that the Fourteenth Amendment obliges states to license same-sex marriages and to recognize same-sex marriages from other states.[7]

In the 111th, 112th, 113th, 114th, and 117th Congresses, the Respect for Marriage Act (RFMA) was introduced by House and Senate Democrats to repeal DOMA.[8] These efforts eventually prevailed in 2022, with the bill passing the House 267–157 and the Senate 61–36. President Joe Biden signed the bill into law on December 13, 2022.[9]

State level

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See also: Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state
 
List of U.S. state and territorial statutes and codes, along with the Code of the District of Columbia, recognizing or prohibiting same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships
  Statute recognizes same-sex marriage, civil unions and/or domestic partnerships
  Statute recognizes same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships
  Statute recognizes same-sex marriage
  Statute neither recognizes or prohibits same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships
  Statute prohibits same-sex marriage (not enforceable)
  Statute prohibits same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships (not enforceable)

Efforts to enable same-sex unions

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Votes by state legislatures to recognize various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper house Lower house Governor Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
  District of Columbia June 1992 Domestic partnership[10] — Passed Signed   Yes
  California September 1994 Domestic partnership[11][12] 21 17 41 26 Vetoed   No
  Hawaii March 1996 Domestic partnership[13] 14 11 Failed —   No
  Hawaii June 1997 Reciprocal beneficiary relationship[14] 24 7 43 27 Signed   Yes
  California September 1998 Domestic partnership[15] 21 17 41 36 Vetoed   No
  California October 1999 Domestic partnership[16] 23 13 41 38 Vetoed   No
  California October 1999 Domestic partnership[17] 22 14 41 36 Signed   Yes
  Vermont April 2000 Civil union[18] 19 11 79 68 Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island July 2001 Domestic partnership[19] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  California August 2001 Domestic partnership (expansion)[20] 22 12 41 27 Signed   Yes
  California October 2001 Domestic partnership (expansion)[21] 23 11 41 32 Signed   Yes
  New York August 2002 Domestic partnership[22] Passed 147 0 Signed   Yes
  New York August 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[23] Passed 147 0 Signed   Yes
  California September 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[24] 26 11 41 31 Signed   Yes
  California September 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[25] 23 13 43 27 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia April 2003 Domestic partnership (expansion)[26] — Passed Signed   Yes
  California September 2003 Domestic partnership (expansion)[27] 23 14 41 33 Signed   Yes
  New Jersey January 2004 Domestic partnership[28] 23 9 41 28 Signed   Yes
  Maine April 2004 Domestic partnership[29] 18 14 84 58 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia May 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[30] — Passed Signed   Yes
  California September 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[31] 23 12 46 29 Signed   Yes
  New York September 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[32] Passed 141 1 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia December 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[33] — Passed Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia January 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[34] — Passed Signed   Yes
  Connecticut April 2005 Civil union[35] 27 9 85 63 Signed   Yes
  Maryland May 2005 Domestic partnership[36] 31 16 83 50 Vetoed   No
  California June 2005 Marriage[37] — — Failed —   No
  Rhode Island June 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[38][39] Passed — — —   No
  Rhode Island July 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[40][41] Passed — — —   No
  California September 2005 Marriage[42] 21 15 41 35 Vetoed   No
  California September 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[43] 23 15 47 28 Signed   Yes
  California September 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[44] 21 14 47 32 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia December 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[45] — Passed Signed   Yes
  New Jersey January 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[46] 39 0 67 8 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia January 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[47] — Passed Signed   Yes
  New York March 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[48] Passed 96 25 Signed   Yes
  Maine April 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[49] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  New York June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[50] — — 114 27 —   No
  New York June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[51] — — 116 27 —   No
  Rhode Island June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[52][53] Passed Passed —4   Yes
  Rhode Island June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[54][53] Passed Passed —4   Yes
  Rhode Island July 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[55][56] Passed Passed —4   Yes
  Rhode Island July 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[57][56] Passed Passed —4   Yes
  Rhode Island July 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[58][59] Passed Passed —4   Yes
  California September 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[60] 24 15 46 29 Signed   Yes
  California September 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[61] 23 15 47 31 Signed   Yes
  New Jersey December 2006 Civil union[62] 23 12 56 19 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia December 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[63] — Passed Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire April 2007 Civil union[64] — — Failed —   No
  Washington April 2007 Registered domestic partnership[65] 28 19 63 35 Signed   Yes
  Oregon May 2007 Domestic partnership[66] 21 9 34 26 Signed   Yes
  Maine May 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[67] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire May 2007 Civil union[68] 14 10 243 129 Signed   Yes
  Maine June 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[69] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Maine June 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[70] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  New York June 2007 Marriage[71] — — 85 61 —   No
  Rhode Island July 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[72][73] Passed Passed —4   Yes
  California September 2007 Marriage[74] 22 15 42 34 Vetoed   No
  California October 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[75] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island October 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[76][73] Passed Passed Vetoed 1   Yes
  New Hampshire January 2008 Contractual cohabitation[77] Failed — — —   No
  New York January 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[78] Passed — — —   No
  New Mexico February 2008 Domestic partnership[79] — — 33 31 —   No
  Washington March 2008 Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[80][81]' 29 20 62 32 Signed   Yes
  Maine March 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[82] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Maryland April 2008 Domestic partnership[83] — — 86 51 —   No
  Maryland May 2008 Domestic partnership[84] 30 17 88 46 Signed   Yes
  Maryland May 2008 Domestic partnership[85] 27 20 86 47 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia May 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[86] — Passed Signed   Yes
  New Mexico February 2009 Domestic partnership[87] 17 25 — — —   No
  Vermont April 2009 Marriage[88] 23 5 100 49 Vetoed 1   Yes
  Colorado April 2009 Designated beneficiary agreement[89] 23 10 41 24 Signed   Yes
  Connecticut April 2009 Marriage (codification)[90] 28 7 100 44 Signed   Yes
  Maine May 2009 Marriage[91] 21 14 89 58 Signed   No2
  District of Columbia May 2009 Marriage (recognition only)[92][93] — Passed Signed   Yes
  Washington May 2009 Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[94] 30 18 62 35 Signed   Yes3
  District of Columbia May 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[95] — Passed Signed   Yes
  Maine May 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[96] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Nevada May 2009 Domestic partnership[97][98] 14 7 28 14 Vetoed1   Yes
  New Hampshire June 2009 Marriage[99] 14 10 198 176 Signed   Yes
  Oregon June 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[100] 27 0 41 8 Signed   Yes
  Wisconsin June 2009 Domestic partnership 17 16 50 48 Signed   Yes
  New York August 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[101] Passed 142 0 Signed   Yes
  California October 2009 Out-of-state pre-proposition 8 marriage recognition[102] 24 14 44 27 Signed   Yes
  New York December 2009 Marriage[103] 24 38 89 52 —   No
  District of Columbia December 2009 Marriage[104] — 11 2 Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island January 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[105][106] Passed Passed Vetoed 1   Yes
  Rhode Island January 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[107][108] Passed Passed Vetoed 1   Yes
  New York January 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[109][110] 61 0 142 0 Signed   Yes
  New Jersey January 2010 Marriage[111] 14 20 — — —   No
  New York March 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[112] — — 119 20 —   No
  New York March 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[113][114] Passed 137 5 Signed   Yes
  New York April 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[115][116] — — 132 9 —   No
  Minnesota May 2010 Domestic partnership (only 1 entitlement)[117] 41 24 78 55 Vetoed   No
  Hawaii July 2010 Civil union[118] 18 7 31 20 Vetoed   No
  New York August 2010 Committed partnership[119][120] 50 11 107 26 Signed   Yes
  California September 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[121] 23 12 53 24 Signed   Yes
  Illinois January 2011 Civil union[122][123][124] 32 24 61 52 Signed   Yes
  Hawaii February 2011 Civil union[125] 18 5 31 19 Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire March 2011 Domestic union[126] — — Failed —   No
  Maryland March 2011 Marriage[127][128] 25 21 — — —   No
  Colorado March 2011 Civil union[129][130] 23 12 — — —   No
  Washington April 2011 Recognition of out-of-state union as registered domestic partnership[131] 28 19 58 39 Signed   Yes
  Nevada May 2011 Recognition of out-of-state union as domestic partnership[132] 21 0 41 0 Signed   Yes
  Washington May 2011 Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[133] 27 21 57 40 Signed   Yes
  Delaware May 2011 Civil union[134] 13 6 26 15 Signed   Yes
  Nevada May 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[135] 11 10 — — —   No
  New York June 2011 Marriage[136] 33 29 80 63 Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island July 2011 Civil union[137] 21 16 62 11 Signed   Yes
  California September 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[138] 22 13 52 25 Signed   Yes
  California October 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[139] 25 15 Passed Signed   Yes
  California October 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[140] 24 13 Passed Signed   Yes
  Washington February 2012 Marriage[141] 28 21 55 43 Signed   Yes3
  New Jersey February 2012 Marriage[142] 24 16 42 33 Vetoed   No
  Maryland March 2012 Marriage[143] 25 22 72 67 Signed   Yes3
  New York April 2012 Domestic partnership (expansion)[144] — — 129 10 —   No
  Colorado May 2012 Civil union[145] 23 12 — — —   No
  New Jersey August 2012 Civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[146] 21 11 41 33 Vetoed   No
  Wyoming January 2013 Domestic partnership[147] — — 24 35 —   No
  Colorado March 2013 Civil union[148] 21 14 39 26 Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island May 2013 Marriage[149][150] 26 12 56 15 Signed   Yes
  Delaware May 2013 Marriage[151] 12 9 23 18 Signed   Yes
  Minnesota May 2013 Marriage[152] 37 30 75 59 Signed   Yes
  Nevada June 2013 Domestic partnership (expansion)[153] 21 0 41 0 Signed   Yes
  Hawaii November 2013 Marriage[154] 19 4 30 19 Signed   Yes
  Illinois November 2013 Marriage[155][156] 32 21 61 54 Signed   Yes
  New York February 2014 Marriage (codification)[157][158] — — 125 10 —   No
  Wyoming February 2014 Marriage[159] — — 17 41 —   No
  New York April 2014 Domestic partnership (expansion)[160][161] — — 124 14 —   No
  California July 2014 Marriage (statutory codification)[162][163][164] 25 10 51 11 Signed   Yes
  Virginia February 2015 Marriage (statutory codification)[165][166][167] 20 18 — — —   No
  Utah March 2015 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[168] 26 0 39 30 Signed   Yes
  New Mexico April 2015 Marriage (partial codification)[169][170] 35 5 37 10 Signed   Yes
  Nevada June 2015 Domestic partnership (expansion)[171] 21 0 42 0 Signed   Yes
  Nevada June 2015 Domestic partnership (expansion)[172] 19 0 41 1 Signed   Yes
  New Jersey June 2015 Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[173] 21 13 43 25 Vetoed   No
  Maine June 2015 Marriage (expansion)[174] 35 0 141 0 Vetoed1   Yes
  Oregon July 2015 Marriage (statutory codification)[175] 18 11 40 18 Signed   Yes
  Guam August 2015 Marriage (codification)[176][177][178] — 13 2 —4   Yes
  New York September 2015 Marriage (codification)[179][180] 60 0 146 1 Signed   Yes
  District of Columbia December 2015 Domestic partnership (expansion)[181] — Passed Signed   Yes
  Oregon March 2016 Marriage (statutory codification)[182][183] 18 11 43 13 Signed   Yes
  New York March 2016 Marriage (codification)[184][185] — — 129 12 —   No
  New York April 2016 Domestic partnership (expansion)[186] — — 120 15 —   No
  Colorado June 2016 Conversion of civil union into marriage[187][188] 34 0 52 13 Signed   Yes
  North Carolina June 2016 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[189] — — Passed —   No
  California July 2016 Marriage and domestic partnership (statutory codification)[190][191] 34 0 63 1 Signed   Yes
  North Dakota January 2017 Marriage (statutory codification)[192][193] 15 31 — — —   No
  New Mexico February 2017 Marriage (partial codification)[194][195] — — 63 0 —   No
  Utah March 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[196] 26 0 74 0 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[197] 29 0 69 3 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[198] 27 0 68 0 Signed   Yes
  Maryland May 2017 Domestic partnership (expansion)[199] 138 2 45 0 Signed   Yes
  Nevada May 2017 Marriage (statutory codification)[200] 20 1 28 10 Signed   Yes
  Nevada June 2017 Domestic partnership (expansion)[201] 21 0 41 0 Signed   Yes
  New York June 2017 Marriage (codification)[202] 62 0 139 0 Signed   Yes
  New Jersey June 2017 Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[203] 22 15 — — —   No
  North Carolina July 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[204] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Maine July 2017 Marriage (codification)[205] Passed Passed —4   Yes
  Maryland January 2018 Domestic partnership (expansion)[206] 135 2 45 1 Vetoed   No
  New Mexico February 2018 Marriage (partial codification)[207] — — 60 2 —   No
  New York March 2018 Marriage (codification)[208] — — 129 6 —   No
  Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[209] 27 0 70 0 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[210] 23 0 73 0 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[211] 23 4 44 24 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[212] 25 3 45 26 Signed   Yes
  New York April 2018 Domestic partnership (expansion)[213] — — 114 17 —   No
  Minnesota May 2018 Marriage (codification)[214] 34 33 78 50 Vetoed   No
  New Jersey May 2018 Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[215] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  New York June 2018 Marriage (codification)[216] 57 4 — — —   No
  New Hampshire June 2018 Marriage (equalization of marriageable age)[217] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Arkansas March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[218] 35 0 96 0 Signed   Yes
  Nebraska March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[219] — 38 6 Signed   Yes
  New Mexico March 2019 Marriage (partial codification)[220] — — 53 2 —   No
  Virginia March 2019 Marriage (expansion: surrogacy)[221] 28 12 63 36 Signed   Yes
  New Mexico March 2019 Marriage (partial codification)[222] 32 8 40 25 Signed   Yes
  Nebraska March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[223] — 45 0 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[224] 22 2 55 6 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[225] 29 0 69 4 Signed   Yes
  New Mexico April 2019 Marriage (partial codification)[226] 39 0 62 0 Signed   Yes
  Maryland May 2019 Marriage (expansion)[227] 34 10 121 15 Signed   Yes
  Maryland May 2019 Marriage (expansion)[228] 31 14 133 6 Signed   Yes
  Oklahoma May 2019 Marriage (expansion: surrogacy)[229] 33 10 84 6 Signed   Yes
  Nebraska May 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[230] — 40 3 Signed   Yes
  Nebraska May 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[231] — 33 8 Vetoed   No
  Minnesota May 2019 Marriage (codification)[232][233] 52 15 74 50 Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island June 2019 Marriage (expansion)[234] 35 0 — — —   No
  Maine June 2019 Marriage (codification)[235] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Delaware July 2019 Marriage (codification)[236] 20 1 37 4 Signed   Yes
  New York October 2019 Marriage (codification)[237] 61 0 121 23 Signed   Yes
  Hawaii December 2019 Marriage and civil union (codification)[238] — — Passed —   No
  New York December 2019 Domestic partnership (expansion)[239][240] 59 0 122 24 Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire January 2020 Marriage (codification)[241] — — Failed —   No
  New Mexico February 2020 Marriage (partial codification)[242] 42 0 64 0 Signed   Yes
  Nebraska February 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[243] — 47 0 Signed   Yes
  New Mexico February 2020 Marriage (partial codification)[244] 40 0 67 0 Signed   Yes
  Virginia March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[245] 28 12 63 34 Signed   Yes
  Virginia March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[246] 25 13 62 38 Signed   Yes
  Virginia March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[247] 33 6 58 42 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[248] 24 1 70 0 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[249] 27 0 71 0 Signed   Yes
  Virginia April 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[250] 39 1 91 6 Signed   Yes
  New York April 2020 Marriage (expansion)[251][252] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Virginia April 2020 Marriage (statutory codification)[253] 24 16 53 43 Signed   Yes
  New York April 2020 Domestic partnership (expansion)[254][255] 62 0 131 11 Signed   Yes
  Puerto Rico June 2020 Marriage (codification)[256][257] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  North Carolina June 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[258] 47 0 Passed Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire July 2020 Marriage (codification)[259] Passed 209 119 Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island July 2020 Marriage (expansion)[260] 34 1 64 1 Signed   Yes
  Rhode Island July 2020 Marriage (expansion)[261] 36 1 67 1 Signed   Yes
  North Carolina 2023 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[262] 50 0 — — —   No
  Virginia 2024 Marriage (expansion) 22 17 54 40 Signed   Yes
22 18 58 42 Signed   Yes

Notes:

Efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

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Votes by state legislatures to prohibit recognition of various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Governor Final
outcome1
Yes No Yes No
  Maryland May 1973 Marriage[263] Passed Passed Signed   Yes2
  Texas June 1973 Marriage[264][265][266][267][268] 30 1 113 17 Signed   Yes
  Oklahoma February 1975 Marriage[269] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Arizona April 1975 Marriage[270] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Virginia August 1975 Marriage[271] Passed Passed Signed   Yes2
  Utah April 1977 Marriage[272] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Florida June 1977 Marriage[273][274][275] 37 0 101 11 Signed   Yes
  Illinois June 1977 Marriage[276] Passed Passed Signed   Yes2
  California August 1977 Marriage[277] 23 5 68 2 Signed   Yes2
  Wyoming October 1977 Marriage[278] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Wisconsin July 1979 Marriage[279] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire July 1987 Marriage[280][281] Passed Passed Signed   Yes2
  Louisiana 1987 Marriage Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire March 1994 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[282] 11 12 — — —   No
  Guam May 1994 Marriage[283] — Passed Signed   Yes2
  Hawaii June 1994 Marriage[284] Passed Passed Signed   Yes2
  Utah March 1995 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[285] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  South Dakota January 1996 Marriage[286][287][288] 26 8 49 18 Signed   Yes
  Idaho February 1996 Marriage[287][289] 24 6 66 4 Signed   Yes
  Idaho March 1996 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[290] 28 4 59 6 Signed   Yes
  Colorado March 1996 Marriage[291] Passed Passed Vetoed   No
  Kansas April 1996 Marriage[287][292] 39 1 87 38 Signed   Yes
  Georgia April 1996 Marriage[286][287][293] 47 0 135 10 Signed   Yes
  Arizona May 1996 Marriage[286][287][294] 21 9 50 5 Signed   Yes
  Alaska May 1996 Marriage and civil union[287][295][296] 16 3 31 9 —3   Yes
  Illinois May 1996 Marriage[297][298] 42 9 87 17 Signed   Yes2
  Tennessee May 1996 Marriage[286][287] 31 0 90 1 Signed   Yes
  South Carolina May 1996 Marriage[299][300] 45 0 82 0 Signed   Yes
  Michigan June 1996 Marriage[301][302] 31 2 88 14 Signed   Yes
  Michigan June 1996 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[301][302] 32 2 74 28 Signed   Yes
  Delaware June 1996 Marriage[303] 17 3 39 0 Signed   Yes2
  North Carolina June 1996 Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[304][305][306] 41 4 98 10 Signed   Yes
  Missouri July 1996 Marriage[307][308] 29 2 131 10 Signed   Yes
  California August 1996 Marriage[309] 20 21 Passed —   No
  Oklahoma September 1996 Marriage[286][287] 42 2 99 0 Signed   Yes
  Pennsylvania October 1996 Marriage[310][311] 43 5 189 13 Signed   Yes
  Mississippi February 1997 Marriage[312] 50 0 118 3 Signed   Yes
  Arkansas February 1997 Marriage[286][313] 34 0 92 2 Signed   Yes
  North Dakota February 1997 Marriage[286][314] 43 6 73 18 Signed   Yes
  Texas February 1997 Marriage[312][315][316][317] 31 0 143 0 Signed   Yes
  Washington February 1997 Marriage[318] 33 15 63 35 Vetoed   No
  Virginia March 1997 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[286][319] 40 0 87 9 Signed   Yes2
  Maine March 1997 Marriage[320] 24 10 106 39 —3   Yes2
  Indiana April 1997 Marriage[321][322] 38 10 85 9 Signed   Yes
  Montana April 1997 Marriage and civil union[286][323] 45 5 73 23 Signed   Yes
  Florida May 1997 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[286][324] 33 5 97 19 —3   Yes
  Minnesota June 1997 Marriage[287][325] 64 0 108 20 Signed   Yes2
  Colorado June 1997 Marriage[326] Passed Passed Vetoed   No
  Washington February 1998 Marriage[327][328] 34 11 65 28 Vetoed 4   Yes2
  Kentucky April 1998 Marriage and recognition out-of-state marriage[287][329] 32 2 84 9 Signed   Yes
  Alabama May 1998 Marriage[330] 30 0 79 12 Signed   Yes
  Hawaii November 1998 Marriage[286] Passed Passed Signed   Yes2
  Puerto Rico March 1999 Marriage[331] Passed Passed Signed   Yes
  Louisiana July 1999 Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[332] 32 0 95 0 Signed   Yes
  West Virginia March 2000 Marriage[333] Passed 96 3 Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire March 2000 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[334] — — 128 232 —   No
  Vermont April 2000 Marriage[18] 19 11 79 68 Signed   Yes
  Connecticut April / May 2000 Marriage[335][336] 31 5 96 51 Signed   Yes
  Colorado May 2000 Marriage[337] 33 32 37 28 Signed   Yes
  New Hampshire March 2001 Recognition of out-of-state civil union[338] — — 88 276 —   No
  Missouri July 2001 Marriage[339][340] 31 0 124 20 Signed   Yes
  American Samoa March 2003 Marriage[341] Failed — — —   No
  Texas May 2003 Recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriage and civil union[342][343][344] 22 9 118 9 Signed   Yes
  Wisconsin November 2003 Marriage[345][346] 22 10 68 29 Vetoed   No
  Ohio February 2004 Marriage, recognition of out-of-state marriage, and civil union[286][347] 18 15 72 22 Signed   Yes
  Utah March 2004 Civil union[286] 24 4 62 12 Signed   Yes
  Virginia April 2004 Civil union[286][348] 27 12 69 30 —3   Yes2
  New Hampshire May 2004 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[349] 16 7 215 137 Signed   Yes2
  Connecticut April 2005 Marriage[350] 27 9 85 63 Signed   Yes
  Wyoming February 2007 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[351] 21 8 — — —   No
  New Hampshire March 2009 Civil union[352] — — 136 205 —   No
  New Hampshire February 2010 Marriage[353] — — 109 210 —   No
  Wyoming March 2011 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[354] 14 16 31 28 —   No
  New Hampshire March 2012 Marriage[355] — — 116 211 —   No
  Wyoming February 2014 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[159] — — 29 31 —   No

Notes:

  • 1 On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that states must allow same-sex marriage.
  • 2 Subsequently, repealed.
  • 3 The bill was allowed to lapse into law.
  • 4 Veto overridden.

Attempts to establish same-sex unions via initiative or statewide referendum

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State Intended date Same-sex union Description Outcome
  Maine November 2012 Marriage Initiative to establish same-sex marriage.[356]   Yes

Efforts to enable ban amendment

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State Date Type of same-sex union State senate Lower house % of legislative vote required Final outcome
Yes No Yes No
Vote % Vote % Vote % Vote %
  Hawaii 1997 Marriage ban permitted Passed 66.67% Advanced
1998 50.01%   Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on the ballot
  Alaska May 12, 1998[357] Same-sex marriage 14 70% 6 30% 28 70% 12 30% 66.67%   Measure 2 placed on the ballot
  Indiana February 3, 2004[358] Same-sex marriage 42 84% 7 14% — 50.01%   Died in committee
  Georgia February 16, 2004[359]

February 26, 2004

March 31, 2004

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 40 71.43% 14 25% 117 65% 50 27.78% 66.67%   Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on the ballot
122 67.78% 52 28.89%
  Mississippi March 1, 2004[360][361]

April 7, 2004

Same-sex marriage 51 98.08% 0 0% 97 79.51% 17 13.93% 66.67%   Amendment 1 placed on the ballot
  Missouri March 1, 2004[362]

May 14, 2004

Same-sex marriage 26 76.47% 6 17.65% 130 79.75% 26 15.95% 50.01%   Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on ballot
  Wisconsin March 3, 2004[363]

March 11, 2004

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 20 60.61% 13 39.39% 68 68.69% 27 27.27% 50.01% Advanced
December 6, 2005[364]

February 28, 2006

19 57.56% 14 42.42% 62 62.63% 31 31.31%   Referendum 1 placed on ballot
  Utah March 3, 2004[365] Same-sex marriage and civil unions 20 68.97% 7 24.14% 58 77.33% 14 18.67% 66.67%   Constitutional Amendment 3 placed on ballot
  Kansas March 5, 2004[366]

March 25, 2004[367]

Same-sex marriage and civil unions — 88 70.4% 36 28.8% 66.67%   Bill was amended

March 25, 2004[368]

Same-sex marriage 17 42.5% 16 40% —   Rejected
  Kentucky April 12, 2004[369]

April 13, 2004

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 33 86.84% 5 13.16% 85 85% 11 11% 60%   Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
  Oklahoma April 15, 2004[370]

April 22, 2004

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 26 54.17% 19 39.58% 92 91.09% 4 3.96% 50.01%   State Question 711 placed on ballot
  Kansas May 1, 2004[371]

May 4, 2004

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 27 67.5% 13 32.5% 79 63.2% 45 36% 66.67%   Rejected
  Tennessee May 6, 2004[372]

May 19, 2004

Same-sex marriage 28 84.85% 1 3.03% 85 85.86% 5 5.05% 50.01% Advanced
February 28, 2005[373]

March 17, 2005

29 87.88% 3 9.09% 88 88.89% 7 7.07% 66.67%   Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
  Louisiana June 6, 2004[374]

June 15, 2004

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 31 79.49% 6 15.38% 88 83.81% 13 12.38% 66.67%   Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
  Kansas January 13, 2005[375][376]

February 2, 2005

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 28 70% 11 27.5% 86 68.8% 37 29.6% 66.67%   Amendment 1 placed on ballot
  South Dakota February 3, 2005[377]

February 28, 2005

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 20 57.14% 14 40% 55 78.57% 14 20% 50.01%   Amendment C placed on ballot
  Virginia February 26, 2005[378] All types of same-sex unions 30 75% 10 25% 79 79% 17 17% 50.01% Advanced
January 15, 2006[379]

March 7, 2006

28 70% 11 27.5% 85 85% 12 12%   Question 1 placed on ballot
  South Carolina March 1, 2005[380]

April 14, 2005

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 42 91.3% 1 2.17% 96 77.42% 3 2.42% 66.67%   Amendment 1 placed on ballot
January 25, 2007[381]

February 27, 2007

41 89.13% 1 2.17% 92 74.19% 7 5.65%   Amendment 1 ratified
  Alabama March 8, 2005[382]

March 10, 2005

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 30 85.71% 0 0% 85 80.95% 7 6.67% 60%   Amendment 774 placed on ballot
  Texas April 25, 2005[383]

May 21, 2005

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 21 67.74% 8 25.81% 101 67.33% 29 19.33% 66.67%   Proposition 2 placed on ballot
  Idaho February 6, 2006[384]

February 15, 2006

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 26 74.29% 9 25.71% 53 75.71% 17 24.29% 66.67%   Constitutional Amendment 2 placed on ballot
  Pennsylvania June 6, 2006[385] Same-sex marriage and civil unions — 136 66.97% 61 30.05% 66.67%   Died in committee
June 21, 2006[385] Same-sex marriage 38 76% 12 24% —
  Arizona May 12, 2008[386]

June 27, 2008

Same-sex marriage 16 53.33% 4 13.33% 35 55% 25 41.67% 50.01%   Proposition 102 placed on ballot
  Wyoming February 6, 2009[387] Same-sex marriage — 25 40.32% 35 56.45% 66.67%   Died in committee
  West Virginia March 30, 2009[388] Same-sex marriage — 30 30% 67 67% 66.67%
  Indiana January 28, 2010[389] Same-sex marriage and civil unions 38 76% 10 20% — 50.01%
  New Hampshire February 17, 2010[390] Same-sex marriage — 135 33.75% 201 50.25% 60%
  Wyoming January 27, 2011[391] Same-sex marriage 20 64.52% 10 32.26% — 66.67%
  Iowa February 1, 2011[392] Same-sex marriage — 62 62% 37 37% 50.01%
  Indiana February 15, 2011[393]

March 29, 2011

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 40 80% 10 20% 70 70% 26 26% 50.01%   Advanced, but bill was amended
January 28, 2014[394]

February 17, 2014

Same-sex marriage 32 64% 17 34% 57 57% 40 40% Advanced
2015/2016

[395][396]

—   Not reintroduced in General Assembly
  Minnesota May 11, 2011[397]

May 21, 2011

Same-sex marriage 37 55.22% 27 40.3% 70 52.24% 62 46.27% 50.01%   Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot
  North Carolina September 12, 2011[398]

September 13, 2011

Same-sex marriage and civil unions 30 60% 16 32% 75 62.5% 42 35% 60%   Constitutional Amendment 1 placed on ballot

Efforts to ban same-sex unions by constitutional amendment

edit
See also: List of U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type and U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

The following table shows all popular vote results regarding state constitutional amendments concerning same-sex marriage, and in some cases civil unions and domestic partnerships. The Hawaii amendment is different in that it granted the legislature authority to "reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples" (which the legislature had already done).

State Initiated or legislatively referred ballot measure Ban on Date   Yes vote   No vote Total votes Voter turnout Electorate Final
outcome
Votes % Votes %
  Alaska Measure 2 Marriage November 3, 1998 152,965[399] 68.11% 71,631 31.89% 224,596 49.54% 453,332   Yes
  Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2 Marriage ban
permitted 		285,384[400] 69.18% 117,827 28.56% 412,520 67.19% 601,404   Yes
  Nebraska Initiative Measure 416 All types of same-sex unions November 7, 2000 477,571[401] 70.1% 203,667 29.9% 681,238 62.77% 1,085,217   Yes
  Nevada Ballot Question 2 Marriage 412,688[402] 69.62% 180,077 30.38% 592,765 67.8% 874,304   Yes
November 5, 2002 337,197[403] 67.2% 164,573 32.8% 501,770 57.68% 869,859   Yes
  Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 August 3, 2004 1,055,771[404][405] 70.61% 439,529 29.39% 1,495,300 42.93% 3,483,481   Yes
  Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union 		September 18, 2004 619,908[406][407] 77.78% 177,067 22.22% 796,975 27.91% 2,855,561   Yes
  Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union 		November 2, 2004 1,222,125[408][409] 74.56% 417,097 25.44% 1,639,222 58.7% 2,794,286   Yes
  Georgia Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union 		2,454,930[410][411][409] 76.15% 768,716 23.85% 3,223,646 75.87% 4,248,837   Yes
  Ohio State Issue 1 Marriage and
civil union 		3,329,335[412] 61.71% 2,065,462 38.29% 5,394,797 67.66% 7,972,826   Yes
  Mississippi Amendment 1 Marriage 957,104[413][414][409] 86.01% 155,648 13.99% 1,112,752 53.78% 2,068,766   Yes
  Oklahoma State Question 711 Marriage and
civil union 		1,075,216[415][416] 75.59% 347,303 24.41% 1,422,519 66.35% 2,143,978   Yes
  Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 3 Marriage and
civil union 		753,770[417][418] 74.95% 251,914 25.05% 1,053,399 62.47% 1,686,124   Yes
  Michigan State Proposal - 04-2 All types of same-sex unions 2,698,077[419][420] 58.62% 1,904,319 41.38% 4,602,396 64.24% 7,164,047   Yes
  Montana Constitutional Initiative 96 Marriage 295,070[421] 66.56% 148,263 33.44% 443,333 69.44% 638,474   Yes
  Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 Marriage and
civil union 		593,297[422] 65.86% 307,488 34.14% 900,785 70.47% 1,278,251   Yes
  North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1 Marriage and
civil union 		223,538[423] 73.23% 81,708 26.77% 305,246 62.68% 487,010   Yes
  Oregon State Measure 36 Marriage 1,028,546[424][425] 56.63% 787,556 43.37% 1,816,102 84.82% 2,141,249   Yes
  Kansas Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union 		April 5, 2005 417,627[426][427] 69.95% 179,432 30.05% 597,059 35.35% 1,688,926   Yes
  Texas Proposition 2 Marriage and
civil union 		November 8, 2005 1,723,782[428][429] 76.25% 536,913 23.75% 2,260,695 17.97% 12,577,545   Yes
  Alabama Amendment 774 Marriage and
civil union 		June 6, 2006 697,591[430][431] 81.18% 161,694 18.82% 859,285 35.61% 2,413,279   Yes
  South Carolina Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union 		November 7, 2006 829,360[432][433] 77.97% 234,316 22.03% 1,063,676 43.37% 2,452,714   Yes
  Virginia Question 1 All types of same-sex unions 1,328,537[434][435] 57.06% 999,687 42.94% 2,328,224 51.12% 4,554,683   Yes
  Tennessee Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage 1,419,434[436][437] 81.25% 327,536 18.75% 1,746,970 46.73% 3,738,703   Yes
  Wisconsin Referendum 1 Marriage and
civil union 		1,264,310[438][439] 59.43% 862,924 40.57% 2,127,234 49.97% 4,256,721   Yes
  South Dakota Amendment C All types of same-sex unions 172,305[440][441][442] 51.83% 160,152 48.17% 332,457 65.56% 507,132   Yes
  Colorado Amendment 43 Marriage 855,206[443] 55.02% 699,030 44.98% 1,554,236 62.6% 2,533,058   Yes
  Arizona Proposition 107 Marriage and
civil union 		721,789[444] 48.21% 775,498 51.79% 1,496,987 58.28% 2,568,401   No
  Idaho Constitutional Amendment 2 Marriage and
civil union 		282,386[445] 63.35% 163,384 36.65% 445,770 58.27% 764,880   Yes
  Florida Constitutional Amendment 2 Marriage and
civil union 		November 4, 2008 4,890,883[446][447] 61.92% 3,008,026 38.08% 8,456,329 75.18% 11,247,634   Yes
  Arizona Proposition 102 Marriage 1,258,355[448] 56.2% 980,753 43.8% 2,239,078 74.95% 2,987,451   Yes
  California Proposition 8 7,001,084[449][450] 52.24% 6,401,482 47.76% 13,743,177 79.42% 17,304,091   Yes
  North Carolina Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union 		May 8, 2012 1,317,178[451][452] 61.04% 840,802 38.96% 2,157,980 34.27% 6,296,759   Yes
  Minnesota Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage November 6, 2012 1,399,916[453][454] 47.44% 1,510,434 51.19% 2,950,780 76.42% 3,861,043   No

Post-Obergefell attempts to repeal constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

edit
State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
  Nevada 2017 Same-sex marriage 19 2 27 14 Advanced
March/May 2019 19 2 37 2 Placed on Ballot
November 2020 Referendum (62.4%)   Yes
  Virginia February 2021 Same-sex marriage, civil union and any marriage-like contract between unmarried persons 24 12 60 33 Advanced
2022 25 14 - -   No
  California 2023 Same-sex marriage 31 0 67 0 Placed on Ballot
Referendum Pending
November 2024
  Hawaii March/April 2024 Legislative authority to enact same-sex marriage ban 24 1 43 6 Placed on Ballot
November 2024 Referendum Pending
  Colorado April/May 2024 Same-sex marriage 29 5 46 14 Placed on Ballot
November 2024 Referendum Pending
  Virginia 2025 Same-sex marriage, civil union and any marriage-like contract between unmarried persons Pending

Proposed attempts to constitutionally block same-sex unions

edit
State 2000s 2010s Details
  Delaware 2009 A proposed constitutional amendment, Senate Bill 27, to ban same-sex marriage failed.[455]   Failed
  Indiana 2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009 		2010
2011

2014

On February 15, 2011, the Indiana House approved a ban on civil unions and marriage (70–26). The bill passed the Indiana Senate by a 40–10 vote. According to state law, the bill must now be approved by the next, separately elected legislature before voters will see the measure on the 2014 ballot.[456] On January 27, 2014, the Indiana House voted 52–43 to remove the ban on civil unions from the proposed measure.[457] On January 28, 2014, the Indiana House voted 57–40 in favor of the amended measure.[458] On February 17, 2014, the Indiana Senate voted 32–17 approving the House-amended version of the ban on gay marriage. The measure will now need to be approved by the next, separately elected legislature before voters are allowed to decide its fate in 2016.[459]   Failed
  Iowa 2004
2005 		2010
2011 		After the Iowa Supreme Court made same-sex marriage legal in 2009, a backlash quickly developed that resulted in three of the justices losing their seats in the 2010 election. Additionally, Republicans took control of the House and fell one seat short of taking over the Senate. For a proposed constitutional amendment to come before Iowa voters, it has to be approved in exactly the same form by two consecutive general assemblies.[460]   Failed
  Minnesota 2004
2005
2006
2007
2009 		2011 A bill was sponsored in 2009 but failed to be brought up for a vote. An amendment was introduced again in 2011. The House and Senate bills passed.[461][462] Both are referred to other area.[clarification needed] The bill would have been approved by majority by both the Senate and house by May 23, 2011.[clarification needed] On May 11, 2011, the Senate passed the bill 38–27.[463] On May 22, 2011, an amendment was passed in the house by a vote of 70–62, and was placed on the ballot in the November 2012 election.[464]   Failed
  New Hampshire 2006
2007 		2010 On February 17, 2010, a proposed constitutional amendment failed in the house by a 201–135 margin.[465][466] Constitutional amendments in New Hampshire require two-thirds approval from voters.   Failed
  New Jersey 2006
2007
2008 		2010 Bills to place an amendment on the ballot have all failed in the House or Senate Judiciary Committee.   Failed
  New Mexico 2007
2008
2009 		2010
2011
2013

2014

A joint resolution was prefiled in the New Mexico legislature for the 2014 session.[467] The resolution would define marriage as one man and one woman for the state of New Mexico.[468]   Failed
  Pennsylvania 2006
2008
2009 		2010
2011
2013 		A joint resolution was introduced in the house of representatives with record low sponsorship on May 8, 2013. The bill would ban same-sex marriages and civil unions. Pennsylvania would become the first northeastern state with a marriage amendment. According to state law, the amendment must receive a majority vote from both chambers of the legislature in two consecutive sessions before voters are allowed to decide its fate. The soonest voters could see the measure is in 2015.[469][470]   Failed
  West Virginia 2009 2010
2011 		West Virginia senators proposed a constitutional amendment for the 2010 ballot that would have defined marriage as "a union between and man and a woman". The amendment was defeated.[471][472] Another proposition was introduced in January 2011[473] but failed to advance.   Failed
  Wyoming 2009 2011 In 2009, the house of representatives considered an amendment to the state constitution, House Joint Resolution 17 (also known as the "Defense of Marriage" resolution), defining marriage as a union between a man and a woman. The measure was defeated in the house on February 6, with 35 votes against and 25 in favor. On January 27, 2011, the Senate approved an amendment,[474] but it died in the house.[475]   Failed

Efforts to ban same-sex unions by statute

edit

The following consists of votes by statutory initiatives that ban same-sex marriage and/or civil unions and domestic partnerships:

State Date   Yes vote   No vote Description Final outcome
  California March 2000 61% (4,618,673) 39% (2,909,370) Proposition 22. Amend the Family Code to say: Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.[476]1   Yes2 3

Notes:

  • 1 There is a debate as to whether the adoption of Prop 22 only prohibited California from recognizing same-sex marriages performed in other states.
  • 2 In March 2005, Judge Richard Kramer ruled there appeared to be no rational state compelling interest in limiting marriage to heterosexual couples. His ruling was appealed to the California Court of Appeal for the 1st District, which upheld Proposition 22 on October 5, 2006. The Supreme Court of California ruled on May 15, 2008, that Proposition 22 is unconstitutional and it was struck down by the state's highest court.
  • 3 Subsequently, repealed by state legislature.

Lawsuits seeking to overturn statutory bans

edit
See also: Same-sex marriage in the United States

The following lists cases seeking to overturn marriage bans:

State Case Date Vote for Vote against Description Restrictions unconstitutional? Final outcome
  Minnesota Richard John Baker v. Gerald R. Nelson October 15, 1971 0 7 Minnesota Supreme Court ruled that Minnesota's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[477] The case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court, but dismissed on October 10, 1972.[478]   No   No
  Kentucky Jones v. Callahan November 9, 1973 0 7 Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that Kentucky's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[479]   No   No
  Washington Singer v. Hara October 1974 Failed Washington Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of same-sex couple who were denied a marriage license by their county clerk. Washington Court of Appeals's decision stating that state marriage statutes only applied to opposite-sex couples upheld.[480]   No   No
  District of Columbia Dean v. District of Columbia' January 1995 0 9 District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that District's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[481][482]   No   No
  Hawaii Baehr v. Miike December 9, 1999 0 5 Hawaii Supreme Court ruled on May 5, 1993, in a 3 in favor to 1 against decision, that state must provide a compelling interest to restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples. Remanded case to lower courts for trial on the subject. On December 3, 1996, Judge Chang ruled that the state had not established any compelling interest in denying same-sex couples the ability to marry and that, even if it had, it failed to prove that the Hawaii statute was narrowly tailored to avoid unnecessary abridgement of constitutional rights. He enjoined the state from refusing to issue marriage licenses to otherwise-qualified same-sex couples.[483] The following day Chang stayed his ruling, acknowledging the "legally untenable" position couples would be in should the Supreme Court reverse him on appeal.[484] Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 1998 state constitutional amendment.[485]   No   No
  Vermont Baker v. Vermont December 20, 1999 5 0 Vermont Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriage or something similar must be implemented in 100 days.[486]   Yes   Legalized civil unions in Vermont by Vermont General Assembly
  Alaska Brause v. Alaska Dept of Health & Social Services April 17, 2001 0 5 Alaska Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 1998 state constitutional amendment.[487]   No   No
  Massachusetts Goodridge v. Department of Public Health November 18, 2003 4 3 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 180 days.[488]   Yes   Legalized same-sex marriage in Massachusetts on May 17, 2004
  Arizona Harold Donald Standhardt and Tod Alan Keltner v. State of Arizona May 25, 2004 Failed Arizona Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of a unanimous Arizona Appellate Court ruling upholding statutory marriage ban.[489][490]   No   No
  Louisiana Forum for Equality v McKeithen January 19, 2005 0 7 District Judge William Morvant of Baton Rouge struck down the constitutional amendment on the grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. The Louisiana Supreme Court, however, upheld the constitutional amendment.[491]   No   No
  Oregon Mary Li and Rebecca Kennedy et al. v. State of Oregon et al. April 2005 0 7 Oregon Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 2004 state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage.[492]   No   No
  New York Hernandez v. Robles July 6, 2006 2 4 New York Court of Appeals upheld New York's marriage statute did not allow same-sex marriage, and that there is no constitutional right to same-sex marriage.[493]   No   No
  Georgia Perdue v. O'Kelley July 7, 2006 0 7 On May 16, 2006, Constance C. Russell of Fulton County Superior Court struck down the constitutional amendment on the grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. The Georgia Supreme Court, however, upheld the constitutional amendment.[494]   No   No
  Washington Andersen v. King County July 26, 2006 4 5 Washington Supreme Court upholds Washington's statute banning same-sex marriage.[495]   No   No
  New Jersey Lewis v. Harris October 25, 2006 7 0 New Jersey Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriage or something similar must be implemented in 100 days.[496]   Yes   Legalized civil unions in New Jersey by New Jersey General Assembly
  Maryland Conaway v. Deane & Polyak September 2007 3 4 Maryland Court of Appeals upholds Maryland's statute banning same-sex marriage.[497]   No   No
  Michigan Pride at Work v. Granholm May 7, 2008 5 2 Michigan Supreme Court ruled that Michigan's constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and civil unions also applies to domestic partner benefits.[498][499]   No   Constitution of Michigan prohibits domestic partner benefits for same-sex couples
  California In re Marriage Cases May 15, 2008 4 3 California Supreme Court overturns Proposition 22 and rules that in 30 days, same-sex marriages must be legal.[500]   Yes   Same-sex marriage licenses issued in California from June 17, 2008, to November 5, 2008
  On November 5, 2008, Proposition 8 goes into effect banning same-sex marriage in the Constitution of California
 
  Connecticut Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health October 10, 2008 4 3 Connecticut Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 30 days.[501]   Yes   Legalized same-sex marriage in Connecticut on November 12, 2008
  Iowa Varnum v. Brien April 2009 7 0 Iowa Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 27 days.[502]   Yes   Legalized same-sex marriage in Iowa on April 27, 2009
  California Strauss v. Horton May 26, 2009 1 6 California Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8; however, same-sex marriages performed before November 5, 2008, are also upheld.[503]   No   California Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8; however, same-sex marriages performed before November 5, 2008, are also upheld.
 
  New York Lewis v. New York State Department of Civil Service November 2009 3 2 The case challenging the recognition of same-sex marriages in the state of New York was heard by New York Court of Appeals and upheld the rights that came with the recognition of same-sex marriages.[504]   Recognition upheld   Continuing the recognition of same-sex marriages abroad.
  Wisconsin McConkey v. Van Hollen June 30, 2010 0 7 Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds constitutional amendment.[505]   No   No
  Wyoming Christiansen v. Christiansen June 2011 Allowed Wyoming Supreme Court allows two Wyoming residents to dissolve a legal relationship created under the laws of Canada.[506]   Yes   Couple can divorce in Wyoming
  Maryland McConkey v. Van Hollen May 18, 2012 7 0 Maryland Court of Appeals upholds Maryland's recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages.[507]   Recognition upheld   Continuing the recognition of same-sex marriages abroad.
  Wisconsin Appling v. Doyle July 31, 2014 7 0 On November 4, 2009, Wisconsin Supreme Court declined to hear the challenge to Wisconsin's domestic partnership.[508] On June 20, 2011, the Circuit court Judge Dan Moeser ruled that the domestic partnership registry does not violate the state constitution, finding that the state "does not recognize domestic partnership in a way that even remotely resembles how the state recognizes marriage".[509] On December 21, 2012, District 4 Court of Appeals affirms Judge Moeser's decision in a unanimous ruling.[510] On July 31, 2014, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the domestic partnership law does not violate the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.[511]   Recognition upheld   Wisconsin's domestic partnership law is upheld.
  Montana Donaldson and Guggenheim v. State of Montana December 2012 3 4 Montana Supreme Court affirmed a lower court's dismissal of this case because the plaintiffs had not identified specific state statutes in their complaint. They did not seek the right to marry, but equal treatment for same-sex couples with respect to inheritance rights, health care decisions, and parenting. The Court invited the plaintiffs to file an amended complaint citing specific statutes,[512] which the plaintiffs, did on April 16, 2013.[513]   No Pending (Lewis and Clark County District Court)
  New Mexico Griego v. Oliver December 19, 2013 5 0 On March 21, 2013, ACLU filed a lawsuit in the Albuquerque District court on behalf of two New Mexico couples who are seeking the right to marry. On December 19, 2013, New Mexico's Supreme Court declared that denying marriage to same-sex couples is unconstitutional in the state.[514]   Yes   Legalized same-sex marriage in New Mexico on December 19, 2013
  Texas In Re Marriage of J.B. and H.B. June 19, 2015 n/a n/a County judge ruled statutory and constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in violation of the US constitution; appealed to 5th Texas Court of Appeals. The court says Texas's same-sex marriage ban is constitutional.[515] The Fifth Circuit denied en banc review. J.B. sought review from the Texas Supreme Court in February 2011 and that court requested briefs in October.[516] On July 3, 2013, the Texas Supreme Court sua sponte ordered supplemental merits briefing in light of United States v. Windsor.[517] Case dismissed on June 19, 2015, because a Petitioner died.
  Texas Texas v. Naylor June 19, 2015 5 3 On January 7, 2011, the Third Court of Appeals in Austin in the case of State of Texas v. Angelique S. Naylor and Sabina Daly rejected, on procedural grounds, the Texas attorney general's appeal of a divorce granted by a lower court to a same-sex couple married in Massachusetts.[518][519] The appeal was still pending in December 2012.[520] Third Court of Appeals upheld in a 5-3 decision on June 19, 2015. The Court ruled that the Texas government had no standing to intervene in the divorce.

See also

edit

References

edit
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  2. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1738C
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  373. ^ Equality from State to State: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Americans and State Legislation in 2005
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  379. ^ SJ 92 Constitutional amendment (second resolution); marriage.
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  383. ^ HJR 6 2005
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  389. ^ Joint Resolution 0013
  390. ^ Docket of CACR28
  391. ^ SJ0005 - Defense of marriage-constitutional amendment.
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  393. ^ Joint Resolution 0006
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  396. ^ Bills for 2016 Session
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  402. ^ 2000 General Election Coverage and Reports
  403. ^ 2002 General Election Coverage and Reports
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  405. ^ Blunt Predicts 37 Percent Turnout for August 3 Primary Election
  406. ^ CA No. 1 (Act 926-2004) -- Marriage in LA - union of 1 man and 1 woman
  407. ^ STATE WIDE POST ELECTION STATISTICAL REPORT FOR ELECTION OF 09/18/2004 * (ACTIVE & INACTIVE)
  408. ^ KENTUCKY STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS REPORT OF "OFFICIAL" ELECTION NIGHT TALLY RESULTS TIME OF REPORT: 09:16:22 DATE OF REPORT: 11/24/04
  409. ^ a b c OFFICIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS FOR UNITED STATES PRESIDENT NOVEMBER 2, 2004
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  411. ^ Voter Turnout by Demographics
  412. ^ 2004 Elections Results
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  414. ^ 2004 General Election Turnout Rates
  415. ^ OKLAHOMA STATE ELECTION BOARD ELECTION RESULTS 2004
  416. ^ VOTER REGISTRATION As of November 1, 2004
  417. ^ Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 3 - Certified
  418. ^ 2004 General Election and Non-Partisan Judicial Runoff Voter Turnout
  419. ^ 2004 Michigan Election Results
  420. ^ 2004 Voter Registration Totals
  421. ^ 2004 STATEWIDE GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS ~ NOVEMBER 2nd, 2004
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  423. ^ Official 2004 General Election Results North Dakota
  424. ^ Oregon Official Results 2004 Election
  425. ^ Statistical Summery 2004 General Election Oregon
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  427. ^ Official Turnout for the Constitutional Amendment Election, April 5, 2005
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  430. ^ Certification of Constitutional Amendment Election Reults
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  454. ^ Historical Voter Turnout Statistics
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