The province of Karabakh (also spelled Qarabagh; Persian: ولایت قره باغ, romanized: Ostān-e Qarabāgh) was a north-western province of the Safavid Iran, centered on the geographic region of Karabakh.
Province of Karabakh Ostān-e Qarabagh | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1501–1736 | |||||||||
 The administrative divisions of Safavid Iran in the South Caucasus | |||||||||
| Status | Province of Safavid Iran | ||||||||
| Capital | Ganja | ||||||||
| Government | Province | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia | ||||||||
The governorship of Karabakh was generally held by a member of the Qajars, one of the Qizilbash tribes. Its highlands were controlled by the five Armenian melikdoms.
History
editThese provinces were headed by the shah's governors-general, who were called beglarbegs, or at other times hakems. The main urban center of the province of Karabakh was the city of Ganja.[1] The first Safavid governor of Karabakh (hakem) was Piri Beg Qajar, and was appointed as such in 1501.[1] Shahverdi-Sultan, from the Ziyadoglu clan of the Qajar tribe, was appointed by Shah Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576) in 1554.[1]
Administration
editUnder the Safavids, Karabakh was part of the mamalek ("state lands"), a form of the iqta' that had been used by the Buyid dynasty (934–1062). It was a type of prebendalism in which lands were given away as fiefs to tribal military forces, thus demonstrating the Safavids' reliance on them to protect the country. Due to its more exposed position as a frontier province, Qarabagh continued to remain mamalek land to maintain more security, in contrast to some other provinces which were transformed into khassa ("crown lands").[2] The Qizilbash chieftains were rewarded with mamalek land in exchange for their military alertness and for paying limited defined sum every year.[3] The governorship of Karabakh was generally held by a member of the Qizilbash Qajar tribe.[4][5]
The plains of Karabakh were dominated by nomadic Turkic tribes, who moved to the hillsides in search of suitable pastures throughout the summer. The highlands of Karabakh were dominated by Armenian meliks (princes), who had established five melikdoms (Dizak, Gulistan, Jraberd, Khachen and Varanda) that ruled in Karabakh from the 16th-century to the 18th-century. These Armenian-ruled principalities, which upheld the notion of Armenian statehood, were used by the Safavids to fight the Ottoman Empire.[6]
In the end of the Safavid era, the Karabakh Province consisted of the districts of Zagam, Barda, Akhtabad, Javanshir, Bargushat, Qara-Aghach (Q'araghaji in Signagi municipality), Lori-Pambak, Arasbar-Bayazidlu and Somay-Tergever.[7]
List of governors
editThis is a list of the known figures who governed Karabakh or parts of it.[4] Beglerbegi and hakem were administrative titles designating the governor.[8]
| Date | Governor | Observations |
|---|---|---|
| 1501–1512? | Piri Beg Qajar | Hakem of Karabakh |
| 1526 | Hoseyn Beg Ustajlu | Hakem of Karabakh |
| 1528 | Ya'qub Soltan Qajar | Hakem of Karabakh |
| 1551–1556 | Shahverdi Soltan Qajar | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1554–1564 | Shahverdi Khan Soltan Ziyadoghlu | Hakem of Karabakh |
| 1564–1568–? | Ebrahim Beg Ziyadoghlu Qajar | Beglerbegi of Karabakh and Ganja |
| 1575 | Yusof Khalifeh Ziyadoghlu | |
| 1576 | Paykar Khan Igirmi Durt | Hakem of Ganja and amir al-omara of Karabakh |
| 1576–1588 | Emamqoli Beg Qajar | Hakem of Karabakh and Ganja |
| 1588–1590 | Mohammad Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1589–1605 | None | Ottoman occupation |
| 1605–1606 | Hoseyn Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1606–1616 | Mohammad Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1616–1627 | Mohammad-Qoli Khan Qajar | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1627–1633 | Daud Khan Undiladze | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1633–? | Mohammad-Qoli Khan Qajar (2nd term) | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1651–1664 | Mortezaqoli Khan Ziyadoghlu | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1664–? | Oghurlu Khan | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
| 1694 | Abbas Qoli-Khan | Beglerbegi of Karabakh and Hakem of Kakhetia |
| 1695 | Kalb Ali Khan Ziyadoghlu | Beglerbegi of Karabakh and Hakem of Kakhetia |
| ?–1723–? | Constantine II of Kakheti | Beglerbegi of Karabakh |
References
edit- ^ a b c Floor 2008, p. 258.
- ^ Matthee 2011, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Matthee 2011, p. 142.
- ^ a b Floor 2008, pp. 258–259.
- ^ Floor 2021, p. 221.
- ^ Tsibenko 2018.
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1943). Tadhkirat al-Mulūk, A Manual of Safavid Administration. Cambridge, England: E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust. p. 166-167. ISBN 0906094127.
- ^ Floor 2008, p. 124.
Sources
edit- Bournoutian, George (2021). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. Brill. ISBN 978-9004445154.
- Floor, Willem (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.
- Floor, Willem (2021). "The Safavid court and government". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge. pp. 203–224.
- Matthee, Rudi (2011). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857731814.
- Reid, James J. (1978). "The Qajar Uymaq in the Safavid Period, 1500-1722". Iranian Studies. 11 (1/4). Taylor & Francis: 117–143. doi:10.1080/00210867808701542. JSTOR 4310299. (registration required)
- Tsibenko, Veronika (2018). "Karabakh, Nagorno". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.