Wikipedia

SM UB-47

SM UB-47 was a Type UB II submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. UB-47 was sold to the Austro-Hungarian Navy (German: Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine) during the war. In Austro-Hungarian service the B was dropped from her name and she was known as SM U-47 or U-XLVII as a member of the Austro-Hungarian U-43 class.

History
German Empire
NameUB-47
Ordered31 July 1915[1]
BuilderAG Weser, Bremen[1]
Yard number249[1]
Laid down4 September 1915[1]
Launched17 June 1916[1]
Commissioned4 July 1916[1]
Decommissioned21 July 1917[1]
FateSold to Austria-Hungary
Service record as UB-47
Part of:
Commanders:
  • Oblt.z.S. Wolfgang Steinbauer[2]
  • 4 July 1916 – 31 March 1917[1]
  • Oblt.z.S. Hans Hermann Wendlandt[3]
  • 1 April – 21 July 1917
Operations: 7 patrols
Victories:
  • 20 merchant ships sunk
    (76,195 GRT)[1]
  • 2 warships sunk
    (11,450 tons)
  • 3 merchant ships damaged
    (16,967 GRT)
Austria-Hungary
NameSM U-47
Acquired21 July 1917
Commissioned30 July 1917
FateCeded to France as war reparation, 1920; scrapped
Service record as U-47
Commanders:
  • Otto Molitor
  • 30 July 1917 – 29 March 1918[4]
  • Reichsfreiherr Hugo von Seyffertitz
  • 4 April – 31 October 1918
Victories:
  • 2 merchant ships sunk
    (6,201 GRT)[4]
  • 1 warship sunk
    (351 tons)
General characteristics [5]
Class and type
Displacement
  • 272 t (268 long tons) surfaced
  • 305 t (300 long tons), submerged
Length
Beam
  • 4.37 m (14 ft 4 in) o/a
  • 3.85 m (12 ft 8 in) pressure hull
Draught3.68 m (12 ft 1 in)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 8.82 knots (16.33 km/h; 10.15 mph) surfaced
  • 6.22 knots (11.52 km/h; 7.16 mph) submerged
Range
  • 6,940 nmi (12,850 km; 7,990 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) surfaced
  • 45 nmi (83 km; 52 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Complement22
Armament

UB-47 was ordered in July 1915 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in September. UB-47 was a little more than 121 feet (37 m) in length and displaced between 270 and 305 tonnes (266 and 300 long tons), depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She was equipped to carry a complement of four torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and had an 8.8-centimeter (3.5 in) deck gun. As part of a group of six submarines selected for Mediterranean service, UB-47 was broken into railcar sized components and shipped to Pola where she was assembled and launched in June 1916, and commissioned in July. Over the next year the U-boat sank twenty-two ships, which included the French battleship Gaulois and two Cunard Line steamers in use as troopships, Franconia and Ivernia.

The German Imperial Navy was having difficulties in finding trained submarine crews and offered to sell UB-47 and a sister boat UB-43 to the Austro-Hungarian Navy. After the terms were agreed to in June 1917, both boats were handed over at Pola. When commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy, the B in her designation was dropped so that she became U-47 or U-XLVII. She sank an additional three ships in Austro-Hungarian service through the end of the war. U-47 was ceded to France as a war reparation in 1920 and broken at Bizerta that same year.

Design and construction

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The German UB II design improved upon the design of the UB I boats, which had been ordered in September 1914.[6] In service, the UB I boats were found to be too small and too slow. A major problem was that, because they had a single propeller shaft/engine combo, if either component failed, the U-boat became almost totally disabled.[7] To rectify this flaw, the UB II boats featured twin propeller shafts and twin engines (one shaft for each engine), which also increased the U-boat's top speed.[8] The new design also included more powerful batteries,[7] larger torpedo tubes, and a deck gun.[9] As a UB II boat, U-47 could also carry twice the torpedo load of her UB I counterparts, and nearly ten times as much fuel.[9] To contain all of these changes the hull was larger,[7] and the surface and submerged displacement was more than double that of the UB I boats.[9]

The Imperial German Navy ordered UB-47 from AG Weser on 31 July 1915 as the final boat of a series of six UB II boats (numbered from UB-42 to UB-47), and the last UB II submarine numerically.[9][Note 1] UB-47 was 36.90 metres (121 ft 1 in) long and 4.37 metres (14 ft 4 in) abeam. She had a single hull with saddle tanks and had a draught of 3.68 metres (12 ft 1 in) when surfaced. She displaced 305 tonnes (300 long tons) while submerged but only 272 tonnes (268 long tons) on the surface.[5]

The submarine was equipped with twin Daimler diesel engines and twin Siemens-Schuckert electric motors—for surfaced and submerged running, respectively. UB-47 had a surface speed of up to 8.82 knots (16.33 km/h; 10.15 mph) and could go as fast as 6.22 knots (11.52 km/h; 7.16 mph) while underwater.[9] The U-boat could carry up to 27 tonnes (27 long tons) of diesel fuel, giving her a range of 6,940 nautical miles (12,850 km; 7,990 mi)at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). Her electric motors and batteries provided a range of 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi)at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) while submerged. UB-47 was equipped with two 50-centimeter (19.7 in) bow torpedo tubes and could carry four torpedoes. The U-boat was also armed with one 8.8 cm (3.5 in) Uk L/30 deck gun.[5]

UB-47 was laid down by AG Weser at its Bremen shipyard on 4 September 1915.[1] As one of six U-boats selected for service in the Mediterranean while under construction, UB-47 was broken into railcar-sized components and shipped overland to the Austro-Hungarian port of Pola.[10][11] Shipyard workers from Weser assembled the boat and her five sisters at Pola,[10] where she was launched on 17 June.[1]

German Imperial Navy career

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SM UB-47 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 4 July 1916 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Steinbauer.[1][Note 2] UB-47, Steinbauer's first U-boat command,[12] was assigned to the Navy's Pola Flotilla (German: Deutsche U-Halbflotille Pola) in which she remained throughout her German career.[1] Although the flotilla was based in Pola, the site of the main Austro-Hungarian Navy base, boats of the flotilla operated out of the Austro-Hungarian base at Cattaro which was located farther south and closer to the Mediterranean. German U-boats typically returned to Pola only for repairs.[13]

On 17 August, Steinbauer and UB-47 achieved their first success when they sank the Italian steamer Stampalia south of Cape Matapan.[14] Although Italy and Germany would not formally be at war for another ten days,[15] German U-boats in the Mediterranean routinely attacked Italian vessels by posing as Austro-Hungarian submarines and flying the ensign of that country's navy.[16] Stampalia was an ocean liner of 9,000 gross register tons (GRT) that had formerly been in passenger service between New York and Genoa, and had been one of the first Italian merchant vessels to be armed against submarine attacks. At the time of her sinking, she was in the service of the Italian government but was not carrying any passengers;[17] no casualties from Stampalia were reported in the attack.[14]

Three weeks later, Steinbauer and UB-47 scored a triple kill, sinking three ships on the same day. The British steamer Butetown, en route from Malta to Mudro, was carrying coal and other cargo when she was sent down 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) west-southwest of Cape Matapan on 8 September.[18] UB-47 attacked Llangorse, another British steamer, 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) away, sending the ship and her cargo of Canadian oats headed to Salonica to the bottom.[19] The third ship was the Greek ship Spetzai, headed from Cyprus to Liverpool when sunk in the same vicinity.[20] There were no casualties from any of the three ships;[18][19][20] the crews of Butetown and Llangorse were rescued and landed at Marseilles on 16 September.[21]

On 4 October, Steinbauer sank the largest ship of his career when UB-47 torpedoed the 1911 Cunard Line steamer Franconia at position 35°56′N 18°30′E / 35.933°N 18.500°E / 35.933; 18.500, 195 nautical miles (361 km; 224 mi) east of Malta.[22][23] The 625-foot (191 m) long, 72-foot (22 m) wide Franconia—nicknamed the "Bath Ship" in civilian days because of the number of passenger baths and showers—was, at 18,510 GRT, the fifth largest ship sunk by a U-boat during World War I.[22][24] Franconia had been in service as a troopship since February 1915 but was not carrying troops at the time of the attack. The hospital ship Dover Castle picked up 302 survivors from Franconia; 12 men were killed in the attack.[23]

UB-47's next success came a week later, on 11 October, when the 5,002 GRT British steamer Crosshill was sunk west of Malta with the loss of four men.[25] A German military announcement of 20 October proclaiming Steinbauer's sinking of the ship reported that Crosshill's cargo included horses and Serbian grooms.[26] The following day, Sebek, a British ship headed to Alexandria, was torpedoed southeast of Gozo.[27] Although the German Admiralty reported her sunk,[26][Note 3] Sebek's captain was able to ground his ship and prevent it from sinking.[27][Note 4] On 14 October, UB-47 sank five small Italian sailing vessels—ranging in size from 32 to 80 GRT—near Syracuse, Sicily.[28] The next day, UB-47 closed out the month of October with the sinking of the Greek steamer Avis.[29] UB-47's tally of sunken ships for the month of October came to 24,776 gross register tons, which accounted for nearly 20% of the total sunk by all German U-boats in the Mediterranean.[30]

 
UB-47 sank the Gaulois in December 1916.

On patrol in the Aegean Sea on 27 December, Steinbauer came across the French pre-dreadnought battleship Gaulois.[31] Although it was screened by light cruisers and naval trawlers,[31] Steinbauer was, nonetheless, able to sink the 11,100-ton displacement ship east of Cerigo.[32] Two men were killed in the initial explosion and another two men died in the aftermath; Gaulois's normal complement was 631 men.[33] Five days later, New Year's Day 1917, UB-47 torpedoed and sank the Cunard Line ship Ivernia—in service as a British troopship—at position 35°30′N 22°53′E / 35.500°N 22.883°E / 35.500; 22.883, 58 nautical miles (107 km; 67 mi) from Cape Matapan.[34] Under the command of Captain William T. Turner, who had been in command of Lusitania when that liner was sunk in May 1915, the 14,278 GRT Ivernia was ferrying troops to Salonica when sunk by UB-47.[35] Because of the heavy weather at the time of Ivernia's sinking,[31] 120 officers and men and 33 crewmen were killed in the attack.[35] Like Franconia, both Gaulois and Ivernia were among the largest ships sunk by U-boats; Ivernia was the 20th largest sunk.[22] Two days after the attack on Ivernia, UB-47 torpedoed and damaged the British steamer Huntsend, killing one person in the process.[36] The 8,826 GRT Huntsend was the former North German Lloyd liner Lützow, which had been captured by British naval forces in the Mediterranean in August 1914,[37] and, like UB-47, had been built by AG Weser in Bremen.[38][Note 5]

On 1 March 1917, UB-47 torpedoed and damaged the British steamer Euterpe near Suda Bay, killing two men in the process.[39] A week later, on 8 March, Steinbauer sank his last ship at the helm of UB-47, when Georgian was sent to the bottom 52 nautical miles (96 km; 60 mi) from Cape Sidero. The 1890 British ship, rated at 5,088 gross register tons, was carrying government stores; five of her crew perished in the attack.[40]

On 1 April, Oberleutnant zur See Hans Hermann Wendlandt replaced Steinbauer as commanding officer of UB-47.[1][Note 6] A week after assuming his first U-boat command, the 30-year-old Wendlandt scored his first success by sinking two Greek steamers on the same day.[28][41] Livatho was sailing in ballast from Salonica for New York when she was sunk northwest of Crete by an explosive charge placed by UB-47's crew.[42][43] Nestos was carrying a load of wheat from New York for Piraeus when shelled and sunk 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) from Sapientza.[44][45] Three days later, the British ship Cyfarthfa was torpedoed 32 nautical miles (59 km; 37 mi) from Cerigotto.[46] The master of Cyfarthfa, which had been headed from Oran to Salonica, was taken prisoner by Wendlandt.[47]

 
The Greek destroyer Doxa, operated by the French Navy, was sunk by UB-47 on 27 June.

Wendlandt and UB-47 sank the Greek destroyer Doxa, a Niki-class destroyer of 350 tonnes (340 long tons) displacement, on 27 June. Although a part of the Royal Hellenic Navy, Doxa had been seized by the French in October 1916 and was operating as a French ship with an all-French crew when torpedoed and sunk by UB-47 in the Straits of Messina; 29 sailors died in the attack.[48] Three days later, Wendlandt sank two Italian sailing ships of about 100 GRT each while east of Sicily.[49][50] Five days later, UB-47 attacked the Japanese steamer Shinsan Maru, from Karachi with a cargo of wheat for delivery to Italy. Wendlandt torpedoed the 1898 ship between Crete and Sicily.[51] Shinsan Maru was the last ship sunk by UB-47 in her German service.[28]

On 21 July, UB-47 was decommissioned at Pola and handed over to the Austro-Hungarian Navy. In her German Imperial Navy career of just over a year, UB-47 sank twenty merchant ships totaling 76,195 GRT, damaged three ships of 16,967 GRT, and sank two warships with a combined displacement of 11,450 tonnes (11,270 long tons).[1][Note 7]

Austro-Hungarian Navy service

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In November 1916, the German Imperial Navy, having a hard time finding trained submarine crews, inquired to find out if its ally Austria-Hungary was interested in purchasing some of its Mediterranean submarines. A general agreement led to protracted negotiations, which stalled over the outflow of Austro-Hungarian gold reserves to Germany. But, with all of the details worked out, the two parties agreed on the sale of UB-47 and sister ship UB-43 to Austria-Hungary in June 1917.[52][Note 8]

When handed over by the Germans on 21 July, UB-47 was in a "worn out condition". Despite the rough condition of the boat, the U-boat was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 30 July 1917 as SM U-47, dropping the B from the U-boat's former designation. Linienschiffsleutnant Otto Molitor was installed as the U-boat's new commander.[4] U-47's first success in Austro-Hungarian service came nearly six months later when, on 12 January 1918, Molitor torpedoed the French steamer Mica from Saigon just short of her destination of Milos.[53]

In early April, Linienschiffsleutnant Reichsfreiherr Hugo von Seyffertitz replaced Molitor as commander of U-47, and a month later, von Seyffertitz achieved his first success as U-47's commander. The British steamer Itinda, a 5,203 GRT ship built in 1900, was sunk north of Susa, Libya, with one man killed.[54] The next victory for von Seyffertitz and U-47 came in September. On the 20th U-47 launched a torpedo attack against the submarine Circé off Cattaro, sinking the French boat.[55][56]

At the end of the war, U-47 was at Cattaro.[57] In her Austro-Hungarian Navy career, U-47 sank two merchant ships of 6,201 gross register tons, and sank a single warship of 351 tonnes (345 long tons) displacement.[4] U-47 was ceded to France as a war reparation in 1920, towed to Bizerta, and broken up there within a year.[57]

Summary of raiding history

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As the German UB-47

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Ships sunk or damaged by SM UB-47[28]
Date Name Nationality Tonnage[Note 9] Fate
17 August 1916 Stampalia   Kingdom of Italy 9,000 Sunk
8 September 1916 Butetown   United Kingdom 3,789 Sunk
8 September 1916 Llangorse   United Kingdom 3,841 Sunk
8 September 1916 Spetzai   Greece 1,904 Sunk
4 October 1916 Franconia   United Kingdom 18,510 Sunk
11 October 1916 Crosshill   United Kingdom 5,002 Sunk
12 October 1916 Sebek   United Kingdom 4,601 Damaged
14 October 1916 Annunziata   Kingdom of Italy 61 Sunk
14 October 1916 Elena   Kingdom of Italy 52 Sunk
14 October 1916 Il Nuovo S. Luigi   Kingdom of Italy 39 Sunk
14 October 1916 Il Redentore   Kingdom of Italy 80 Sunk
14 October 1916 La Nuova Concettina   Kingdom of Italy 32 Sunk
15 October 1916 Avis   Greece 1,000 Sunk
27 December 1916 Gaulois   French Navy 11,100 Sunk
1 January 1917 Ivernia   United Kingdom 14,278 Sunk
3 January 1917 Huntsend   United Kingdom 8,826 Damaged
1 March 1917 Euterpe   United Kingdom 3,540 Damaged
8 March 1917 Georgian   United Kingdom 5,088 Sunk
8 April 1917 Livatho   Greece 2,922 Sunk
8 April 1917 Nestos   Greece 4,060 Sunk
11 April 1917 Cyfarthfa   United Kingdom 3,014 Sunk
27 June 1917 Doxa   Hellenic Navy 350 Sunk
30 June 1917 Concettina   Kingdom of Italy 113 Sunk
30 June 1917 Sacra Famiglia   Kingdom of Italy 98 Sunk
2 July 1917 Shinsan Maru   Japan 3,312 Sunk
Sunk:
Damaged:
Total: 		87,645
16,967
104,612

As the Austro-Hungarian U-47

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Ships sunk or damaged by SM U-47[58]
Date Name Nationality Tonnage[Note 9] Fate
12 January 1918 Mica   France 998 Sunk
10 May 1918 Itinda   United Kingdom 5,203 Sunk
20 September 1918 Circé   French Navy 351 Sunk
Total: 6,552

Notes

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  1. ^ The successor class to the UB II submarines, the UB III type, were numbered beginning with UB-48.
  2. ^ Oberleutnant zur See Steinbauer was a 28-year-old native of Strassburg, and had been in the Navy's April 1908 cadet class with 46 other future U-boat captains, including Reinhold Saltzwedel. For Steinbauer information, see: Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Wolfgang Steinbauer". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
    For cadet crew information, see: Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI Officer Crews: Crew 4/08". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  3. ^ The report misidentified Sebek as Sedek. See: "German U-boats sink British transports". The Atlanta Constitution. 21 October 1916. p. 1.
  4. ^ Sebek was not as fortunate in April 1917 when she was sunk by U-70 on the 21st.
  5. ^ Huntsend was sold back to North German Lloyd in 1923 and resumed passenger service under her original name of Lützow until she was scrapped in 1933. See: Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 568–69.
  6. ^ Steinbauer went on to command UB-48, the first of the UB III U-boats, and was awarded the Pour le Mérite in March 1918. See: Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Wolfgang Steinbauer". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  7. ^ Oberleutnant zur See Wendlandt, UB-47's commander at the time she was decommissioned, went on to command the coastal minelayer UC-38 which was sunk by French forces in December 1917; Wendlandt was captured and held by the French until 1920 on charges of war crimes, but ultimately never prosecuted. See: Messimer, p. 272–73.
  8. ^ UB-43 and UB-47 were not the first former Imperial German Navy submarines purchased by the Austro-Hungarian Navy. In 1915 the Austro-Hungarian Navy purchased the German U-boats UB-1 and UB-15 and commissioned them as U-10 and U-11, respectively. See: Gardiner, p. 343.
  9. ^ a b Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UB 47". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  2. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Wolfgang Steinbauer (Pour le Mérite)". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  3. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Hans Hermann Wendlandt (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: KUK U47". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  5. ^ a b c Gröner 1991, pp. 23–25.
  6. ^ Gardiner, p. 174.
  7. ^ a b c Miller, p. 48.
  8. ^ Williamson, p. 13.
  9. ^ a b c d e Tarrant, p. 172.
  10. ^ a b Halpern, p. 383.
  11. ^ Miller, p. 49.
  12. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Wolfgang Steinbauer". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  13. ^ Halpern, p. 384.
  14. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Stampalia". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  15. ^ "Italy declares war on Kaiser". Chicago Daily Tribune. 28 August 1916. p. 1.
  16. ^ Gardiner, p. 341.
  17. ^ "Stampalia sunk in the war zone". The New York Times. 20 August 1916. p. 2.
  18. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Butetown". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  19. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Llangorse". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  20. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Spetzai". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  21. ^ "Five Allied ships victims of U-boats". The Washington Post. 17 September 1916. p. 1.
  22. ^ a b c Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Largest Ships sunk or damaged". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
  23. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Franconia". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  24. ^ "Liner Franconia sunk". The Washington Post. 6 October 1916. p. 1.
  25. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Crosshill". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  26. ^ a b "Two British transports are sent to bottom by German submarines near Saloniki". San Francisco Chronicle. 21 October 1916. p. 2.
  27. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Sebek". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  28. ^ a b c d Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by UB 47". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  29. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Avis". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  30. ^ The tally of merchant ships sunk by Mediterranean U-boats in October 1916 was 125,152 GRT. See: Tarrant, p. 148.
  31. ^ a b c Gibson and Prendergast, p. 134.
  32. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Gaulois". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  33. ^ "Big French cruiser torpedoed and sunk". The Washington Post. 31 December 1916. p. 1. According to this article, Gaulois had been re-classed as a cruiser before the start of World War I.
  34. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Ivernia". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  35. ^ a b "Capt. Turner saved in new torpedoing". The New York Times. 12 January 1917. p. 8.
  36. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Huntsend". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  37. ^ Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 568.
  38. ^ Drechsel, Vol. 1, p. 370.
  39. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Euterpe". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  40. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Georgian". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  41. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Wolfgang Steinbauer". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  42. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Livatho". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  43. ^ "Livatho (1098503)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  44. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Nestos". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  45. ^ "Nestos (5603777)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  46. ^ "Cyfarthfa (1115387)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  47. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Cyfarthfa". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  48. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Doxa". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  49. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Concettina". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  50. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Sacra Famiglia". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  51. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Shinsan Maru". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  52. ^ Baumgartner and Sieche, as excerpted here (reprinted and translated into English by Sieche). Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  53. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Mica". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  54. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Itinda". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  55. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Circe". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  56. ^ "Circe (6103705)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  57. ^ a b Gibson and Prendergast, p. 389.
  58. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by KUK U47". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 30 January 2009.

Bibliography

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