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Demographics of Romania

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Demographic features of the population of Romania include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Demographics of Romania
Population pyramid of Romania as of 2021
PopulationIncrease19,051,562 (2023)[1]
Density83.4/km2 (216/sq mi)
Growth rateIncrease 1.19% (2023)
Birth rateDecrease 9.292 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rateNegative increase 13.393 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancyIncrease 76.6 years (2023)
 • maleIncrease 72.9 years
 • femaleIncrease 80.5 years
Fertility rate1.71 children born/woman (2022)[2]
Infant mortality rate5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)[3] [4]
Net migration rate−0.24 migrants/1,000 population (2015)
Age structure
0–14 years3,073,902 (16.1%)
15–64 years12,253,533 (64.3%)
65 and over3,726,380 (19.6%)
Sex ratio
Total0.95 males/female (2014)
At birth1.06 males/female
Under 151.05 males/female
15–64 years1.02 males/female
65 and over0.73 males/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Romanian(s), adjective: Romanian
Major ethnicRomanian
Minor ethnicHungarian, Roma, Ukrainian, German, Turkish, Tatar, Russian, Lipovan, Serbian, Slovak, Czech, Polish etc.
Language
OfficialRomanian
SpokenRomanian and other minority languages

About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic Romanians (as per 2021 census), whose native language, Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, descended from Latin (more specifically from Vulgar Latin) with some French, German, English, Greek, Italian, Slavic, and Hungarian borrowings.

Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an Eastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity"[5] in Eastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either by Slavic peoples (namely South Slavic and East Slavic peoples) or by the Hungarians. The Hungarian minority in Romania constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population.[6] With a population of about 19,054,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the United Nations (UN).[7]

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major refugee crisis in Europe.[8] In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian-Ukrainian war, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 919,574 people fled to neighbouring Romania.[7]

Population evolution

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Main article: Demographic history of Romania
See also: List of cities and towns in Romania and Metropolitan areas in Romania

Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021.[9] Among the causes of population decline are high mortality, a low fertility rate since 1990, and tremendous levels of emigration.[9]

In 1990, Romania's population was estimated to be 23.21 million inhabitants.[10] For the entire period 1990–2006, the estimated population loss tops 1.5 million,[10] but it is likely to be higher, given the explosion of migration for work after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in the countries where they live.[11]

 
Birth and death rates in 1950–2008. A huge surge of the birth rate in 1967 is the most prominent feature of these graphs.

Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INSSE):

[12]

Ethnic groups

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Main article: Minorities in Romania
 
Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)
 
Ethnic map (1930 census)
 
Ethnic map (1977 census)
 
Ethnicity in Romania by county (inhabitants) based on the 2002 census data
 
Romanians in Romania based on 2002 census data
 
Ethnic map (2011 census)
 
The Romani minority in Romania by county (2011 census)

Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of minorities in Romania. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Moldova and Ukraine) and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either left or were deported after World War II, a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During the interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),[13][14] a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One of the reasons for which the number of Germans in Romania fell is because after the Romanian Revolution there has been a mass migration of Transylvania Saxons to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaper Guardian to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'.[15]

Of a total population of three quarter million Jews before World War II, about a third were killed during the Holocaust.[16] Mass emigration, mostly to Israel and United States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).[17]

Hungarians (Magyars; see Hungarians in Romania, especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Roma (see Romani people in Romania) are the principal minorities, with a declining German population (Banat Swabians in Timiș; Transylvanian Saxons in Sibiu, Brașov and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (especially in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks of Romania (especially in Brăila and Constanța), Turks and Tatars (mainly in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lipovans, Old Believers in Tulcea), Jews and others. Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU (Chinese, Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, Africans) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks).[18] In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.[19][20]

Minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary (after 1867 the Austria-Hungary) until the end of World War I. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.

The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the 2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,[21] with significant populations in Mureș (8.9%) and Călărași (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.[22]

After Hungarians and the Roma, Ukrainians of Romania are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.[23] Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in Maramureș County (where they make up 6.77% of the population).


Censuses in Romania

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Evolution of Romania's population between 1859–1899[24]
Year Population
1859–60 3,864,848[24]−4,424,961[25]
1884 4,648,123
1889 5,038,342
1894 5,406,249
1899 5,956,690
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1899[26]
Ethnicity Number %
Romanians 92.15
Hungarians 1.82
Germans 0.13
Austrians –
Russians 0.08
Bulgarians 0,13
Turks 0.40
Serbs 0.07
Greeks 0.34
Italians 0.15
Foreigners without protection 4,68
Others 0.00
Unknown 0.00
Total 5,956,690
Population of Romania according to religion in 1899
Orthodoxy
 
 91.5%
Judaism
 
 4.5%
Catholicism
 
 2.5%
Protestantism
 
 0.4%
Muslim
 
 0.7%
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1912[27]
Ethnicity Number %
Romanians 93.47
Hungarians 0.96
Germans 0.11
Austrians 0.63
Russians 0.06
Bulgarians 0.16
Turks 0.47
Serbs 0.06
Greeks 0.24
Italians 0.15
Foreigners without protection 3.63
Others 0.01
Unknown 0.01
Total 7,234,920
Population of Romania according to religion in 1912
Orthodoxy
 
 93.1%
Judaism
 
 3.3%
Catholicism
 
 2.2%
Protestantism
 
 0.3%
Muslim
 
 0.7%
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1930[28]
Ethnicity Number %
Romanians 12,981,324 71.9
Hungarians 1,425,507 7.9
Germans 745,421 4.1
Jews 728,115 4.0
Ruthenians and Ukrainians 582,115 3.2
Russians 409,150 2.3
Bulgarians 366,384 2.0
Roma (Gypsies) 262,501 1.5
Turks 154,772 0.9
Gagauzians 105,750 0.6
Czechs and Slovaks 51,842 0.3
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 51,062 0.3
Poles 48,310 0.3
Greeks 26,495 0.2
Tatars 22,141 0.1
Armenians 15,544 <0.1
Hutsuls 12,456 <0.1
Albanians 4,670 <0.1
Others 56,355 0.3
Undeclared 7,114 <0.1
Total 18,057,028 100.0
Population of Romania according to ethnic group 1948–2021
Ethnic
group 		census 19481 census 19562 census 19663 census 19774 census 19925 census 20026 census 20117 census 20218
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Romanians 13,597,613 85.7 14,996,114 85.7 16,746,510 87.7 18,999,565 88.1 20,408,542 89.5 19,399,597 89.5 16,792,868 88.9 14,801,442 89.3
Hungarians 1,499,851 9.4 1,587,675 9.1 1,619,592 8.5 1,713,928 7.9 1,624,959 7.1 1,431,807 6.6 1,227,623 6.5 1,002,151 6
Roma (Gypsies) 53,425 0.3 104,216 0.6 64,197 0.3 227,398 1.05 401,087 1.8 535,140 2.5 621,573 3.0 569,477 3.4
Ukrainians 37,582 0.2 60,479 0.4 54,705 0.3 55,510 0.3 65,764 0.3 61,098 0.3 50,920 0.2 45,835 0.3
Germans 343,913 2.2 384,708 2.2 382,595 2.0 359,109 1.6 119,462 0.5 59,764 0.3 36,042 0.2 22,907 0.1
Turks 28,782 0.2 14,329 0.2 18,040 0.1 23,422 0.1 29,832 0.1 32,098 0.2 27,698 0.2 20,945 0.1
Aromanians 982 0.0 21,736 0.1 26,500 0.1
Tatars 20,469 0.2 22,151 0.1 23,369 0.1 24,596 0.1 23,935 0.1 20,282 0.1 18,156 0.1
Russians 39,332 0.2 38,731 0.2 39,483 0.2 21,206 0.2 7,983 0.1 35,791 0.2 23,864
Lipovans 11,090 0.1 30,623 0.2 19,394 0.0
Serbs 45,447 0.3 46,517 0.3 44,236 0.3 34,429 0.2 29,408 0.1 22,561 0.1 18,076 0.1 12,026 0.0
Croats 7,500 0.0 4,085 0.0 6,807 0.0 5,408 0.0 4,842 0.0
Slovenes 175 0.0
Slovaks 35,143 0.2 23,331 0.2 22,151 0.1 21,286 0.1 19,594 0.1 17,226 0.2 13,654 0.1 10,232 0.0
Czechs 11,821 0.0 9,978 0.0 7,683 0.0 5,797 0.0 3,941 0.0 2,477 0.0 1,576 0.0
Bulgarians 13,408 0.1 12,040 0.1 11,193 0.1 10,372 0.0 9,851 0.1 8,025 0.0 7,336 0.0 5,975 0.0
Greeks 8,696 0.1 11,166 0.0 9,088 0.0 6,262 0.0 3,940 0.0 6,472 0.0 3,668 0.0 2,086 0.0
Jews 138,795 0.9 146,264 0.8 42,888 0.2 24,667 0.1 8,955 0.0 5,785 0.0 3,271 0.0 2,378 0.0
Poles 6,753 0.0 7,627 0.0 5,860 0.0 4,641 0.0 4,232 0.0 3,559 0.0 2,543 0.0 2,137 0.0
Armenians 6,987 0.0 6,441 0.0 3,436 0.0 2,342 0.0 1,957 0.0 1,780 0.0 1,361 0.0 1,213 0.0
Macedonians 1,176 0.0 6,867 0.0 731 0.0 1,264 0.0 1,089 0.0
Csangos 1,266 0.0 1,536 0.0
Others/undeclared 15,897 0.1 17,522 0.1 6,990 <0.1 5,731 <0.1 9,368 <0.1 28,303 0.1 23,741 0.1 12,877 0.1
Undeclared 1,236,810 6.14 2,484,926 13
Total 15,872,624 17,489,450 19,103,163 21,559,910 22,810,035 21,680,974 20,121,641 19,053,815
1 The results of the 1948 census are according to language. 2 Source:[29] 3 Source:[29] 4 Source:[29] 5 Source:[29] 6 Source:[30] 7 Source:[31] 8 Source:[32]

Vital statistics

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Romania total fertility rate by county (2019)

Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899

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The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[33]

Years 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860[33]
Total Fertility Rate in Romania 5.22 5.08 4.94 4.8 4.66 4.52 4.38 4.24 4.11 3.97 4.23
Years 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870[33]
Total Fertility Rate in Romania 4.29 4.29 4.07 4.82 4.64 4.19 4.25 4.48 4.56 4.61
Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[33]
Total Fertility Rate in Romania 4.49 4.29 4.36 4.6 5.2 4.96 4.74 4.22 4.97 5.05
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[33]
Total Fertility Rate in Romania 5.56 5.41 5.74 5.55 5.78 5.65 5.49 5.68 5.44 5.16
Years 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899[33]
Total Fertility Rate in Romania 5.67 5.23 5.43 5.48 5.67 5.45 5.75 4.92 5.63

Before WWI

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Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[33]
1900 6,050,000 235,000 146,000 89,000 38.8 24.2 14.7 5.20
1901 6,120,000 241,000 160,000 81,000 39.3 26.2 13.2 5.27
1902 6,210,000 242,000 172,000 70,000 39.0 27.7 11.3 5.23
1903 6,290,000 252,000 156,000 96,000 40.1 24.8 15.3 5.37
1904 6,390,000 256,000 156,000 100,000 40.1 24.4 15.6 5.37
1905 6,480,000 248,000 160,000 88,000 38.3 24.7 13.6 5.13
1906 6,570,000 262,000 157,000 105,000 39.9 23.9 16.0 5.35
1907 6,680,000 274,000 176,000 98,000 41.1 26.3 14.8 5.51
1908 6,770,000 273,000 185,000 88,000 40.3 27.4 13 5.40
1909 6,860,000 282,000 188,000 94,000 41.1 27.4 13.7 5.51
1910 6,970,000 274,000 173,000 101,000 39.3 24.8 14.5 5.27
1911 7,090,000 300,000 179,000 121,000 42.3 25.3 17.1 5.67
1912 7,240,000 314,000 166,000 148,000 43.4 22.9 20.4 5.82
1913 7,360,000 310,000 192,000 118,000 42.1 26.1 16.0 5.64
1914 7,770,000 327,000 183,000 144,000 42.1 23.5 18.5 5.64
1915 7,910,000 320,000 194,000 126,000 40.5 24.5 15.9 5.43
Years 1916 1917 1918[33]
Total Fertility Rate in Romania 4.84 4.25 3.67

Between WWI and WWII

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Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[33]
1919 15,920,000 366,000 328,000 38,000 23.0 20.6 2.4 3.08
1920 16,010,000 539,000 415,000 124,000 33.7 25.9 7.7 4.52
1921 16,240,000 620,000 372,000 248,000 38.2 22.9 15.3 5.12
1922 16,500,000 614,000 376,000 238,000 37.2 22.8 14.4 4.98
1923 16,770,000 609,000 372,000 237,000 36.4 22.1 14.4 4.88
1924 16,990,000 623,000 383,000 240,000 36.7 22.5 14.1 4.92
1925 17,190,000 606,000 362,000 244,000 35.2 21.1 14.1 4.72
1926 17,460,000 608,000 373,000 235,000 34.8 21.4 13.4 4.66
1927 17,690,000 603,000 393,000 210,000 34.1 22.2 11.9 4.57
1928 17,970,000 624,000 352,000 272,000 34.7 19.6 15.1 4.65
1929 17,640,000 601,000 378,000 223,000 34.1 21.4 12.6 4.57
1930 17,870,000 625,000 347,000 278,000 35.0 19.4 15.6 4.69
1931 18,190,000 605,000 379,000 226,000 33.3 20.8 12.4 4.46
1932 18,427,000 662,000 399,000 263,000 35.9 21.7 14.3 4.81
1933 18,653,000 598,000 348,000 250,000 32.1 18.7 13.4 4.30
1934 18,914,000 612,416 390,668 221,748 32.4 20.7 11.7 4.34
1935 19,088,000 585,503 402,720 182,783 30.7 21.1 9.6 4.11
1936 19,319,000 608,906 382,179 226,727 31.5 19.8 11.7 4.22
1937 19,535,000 601,310 377,954 223,356 30.8 19.3 11.4 4.13
1938 19,750,000 585,423 379,445 205,978 29.6 19.2 10.4 3.97
1939 19,934,000 563,817 370,348 193,469 28.3 18.6 9.7 3.79
Years 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945[33]
Total Fertility Rate in Romania 3.55 3.08 2.87 3.14 2.91 2.63

After WWII

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Main sources:[34][33][35][36]

Source: National Institute of Statistics[37]

Average population (July 1) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[fn 1]
1946 15,760,000 391,273 296,439 94,834 24.8 18.8 6.0 0.3 3.32
1947 15,860,000 370,562 349,331 21,231 23.4 22.0 1.3 0.8 3.14
1948 15,893,000 379,868 248,238 131,630 23.9 15.6 8.3 3.7 3.20
1949 16,084,000 444,065 219,881 224,184 27.6 13.7 13.9 0.2 3.70
1950 16,311,000 426,820 202,010 224,810 26.2 12.4 13.8 -4.4 3.14
1951 16,464,000 412,534 210,021 202,513 25.1 12.8 12.3 -2.2 3.01
1952 16,630,000 413,217 195,287 217,930 24.8 11.7 13.1 -0.1 2.97
1953 16,847,000 401,717 194,752 206,965 23.8 11.6 12.3 -0.8 2.76
1954 17,040,000 422,346 195,091 227,255 24.8 11.4 13.3 3.4 2.98
1955 17,325,000 442,864 167,535 275,329 25.6 9.7 15.9 -1.0 3.07
1956 17,583,000 425,704 174,847 250,857 24.2 9.9 14.3 -0.3 2.89
1957 17,829,000 407,819 181,923 225,896 22.9 10.2 12.7 0 2.73
1958 18,056,000 390,500 156,493 234,007 21.6 8.7 13.0 -3.6 2.58
1959 18,226,000 368,007 186,767 181,240 20.2 10.2 9.9 -0,2 2.43
1960 18,403,414 352,241 160,720 191,521 19.1 8.7 10.4 -1.5 2.33
1961 18,566,932 324,859 161,936 162,923 17.5 8.7 8.8 -2.7 2.17
1962 18,680,721 301,985 172,429 129,556 16.2 9.2 6.9 0.2 2.04
1963 18,813,131 294,886 155,767 139,119 15.7 8.3 7.4 -1.3 2.01
1964 18,927,081 287,383 152,476 134,907 15.2 8.1 7.1 -1.8 1.96
1965 19,027,367 278,362 163,393 114,969 14.6 8.6 6.0 0 1.91
1966 19,140,783 273,678 157,445 116,233 14.3 8.2 6.1 1.4 1.90
1967 19,284,814 527,764 179,129 348,635 27.4 9.3 18.1 4.5 3.66
1968 19,720,984 526,091 188,509 337,582 26.7 9.6 17.1 −2.4 3.63
1969 20,010,178 465,764 201,225 264,539 23.3 10.1 13.2 −1.1 3.19
1970 20,252,541 427,034 193,255 233,779 21.1 9.5 11.5 −0.8 2.89
1971 20,469,658 400,146 194,306 205,840 19.5 9.5 10.1 −0.7 2.66
1972 20,662,648 389,153 189,793 199,360 18.8 9.2 9.6 −1.6 2.55
1973 20,827,525 378,696 203,559 175,137 18.2 9.8 8.4 1.3 2.44
1974 21,028,841 427,732 191,286 236,446 20.3 9.1 11.2 −0.9 2.72
1975 21,245,103 418,185 197,538 220,647 19.7 9.3 10.4 −1.0 2.62
1976 21,445,698 417,353 204,873 212,480 19.5 9.6 9.9 0 2.58
1977 21,657,569 423,958 208,685 215,273 19.6 9.6 9.9 −0.8 2.60
1978 21,854,622 416,598 211,846 204,752 19.1 9.7 9.4 −0.5 2.54
1979 22,048,305 410,603 217,509 193,094 18.6 9.9 8.8 −1.9 2.50
1980 22,201,387 398,904 231,876 167,028 18.0 10.4 7.5 −0.7 2.45
1981 22,352,635 381,101 224,635 156,466 17.0 10.0 7.0 −1.4 2.37
1982 22,477,703 344,369 224,120 120,249 15.3 10.0 5.3 −1.9 2.17
1983 22,553,074 321,498 233,892 87,606 14.3 10.4 3.9 −0.7 2.00
1984 22,624,505 350,741 233,699 117,042 15.5 10.3 5.2 −0.8 2.19
1985 22,724,836 358,797 246,670 112,127 15.8 10.9 4.9 −0.6 2.26
1986 22,823,479 376,896 242,330 134,566 16.5 10.6 5.9 −0.8 2.39
1987 22,940,430 383,199 254,286 128,913 16.7 11.1 5.6 −0.7 2.42
1988 23,053,552 380,043 253,370 126,673 16.5 11.0 5.5 −1.1 2.31
1989 23,151,564 369,544 247,306 122,238 16.0 10.7 5.3 −2.9 2.19
1990 23,206,720 314,746 247,086 67,660 13.6 10.6 2.9 −3.8 1.83
1991 23,185,084 275,275 251,760 23,515 11.9 10.9 1.0 −18.1 1.56
1992 22,788,969 260,393 263,855 −3,462 11.4 11.6 −0.2 −1.3 1.50
1993 22,755,260 249,994 263,323 −13,329 11.0 11.6 −0.6 −0.5 1.45
1994 22,730,622 246,736 266,101 –19,365 10.9 11.7 −0.9 −1.3 1.42
1995 22,680,951 236,640 271,672 −35,032 10.4 12.0 −1.5 −1.7 1.34
1996 22,607,620 231,348 286,158 −54,810 10.2 12.7 −2.4 −0.3 1.29
1997 22,545,925 236,891 279,315 −42,424 10.5 12.4 −1.9 0 1.31
1998 22,502,803 237,297 269,166 −31,869 10.5 12.0 −1.4 −0.6 1.33
1999 22,458,022 234,600 265,194 −30,594 10.4 11.8 −1.4 0.4 1.32
2000 22,435,205 234,521 255,820 −21,299 10.5 11.4 −0.9 −0.3 1.32
2001 22,408,393 220,368 259,603 −39,235 9.8 11.6 −1.8 −30.9 1.23
2002 21,675,775 210,529 269,666 −59,137 9.7 12.4 −2.7 −2.0 1.26
2003 21,574,365 212,459 266,575 −54,116 9.8 12.4 −2.5 −3.2 1.29
2004 21,451,845 216,261 258,890 −42,629 10.1 12.1 −2.0 −4.2 1.32
2005 21,319,673 221,020 262,101 −41,081 10.4 12.3 −1.9 −4.0 1.38
2006 21,193,749 219,483 258,094 −38,611 10.4 12.2 −1.8 −12.9 1.41
2007 20,882,980 214,728 251,965 −37,237 10.3 12.1 −1.8 −14.7 1.43
2008 20,537,848 221,900 253,202 −31,302 10.8 12.3 −1.5 −6.8 1.58
2009 20,367,437 222,388 257,213 −34,825 10.9 12.6 −1.7 −4.2 1.65
2010 20,246,798 212,199 259,723 −47,524 10.5 12.8 −2.3 −2.6 1.58
2011 20,147,657 196,242 251,439 −55,197 9.7 12.5 −2.7 −1.6 1.46
2012 20,060,182 201,104 255,539 −54,435 10.0 12.7 −2.7 0 1.52
2013 19,988,694 188,599 247,475 −58,876 9.4 12.4 −2.9 −0.7 1.45
2014 19,916,451 198,740 254,965 −56,225 10.0 12.8 −2.8 −1.9 1.55
2015 19,822,250 201,995 262,442 −60,447 10.2 13.2 −3.0 −2.8 1.61
2016 19,706,424 205,773 258,404 −52,631 10.4 13.1 −2.7 −3.1 1.68
2017 19,592,933 210,590 262,321 −51,731 10.7 13.4 −2.6 −3.0 1.77
2018 19,483,840 210,290 264,963 −54,673 10.8 13.6 −2.8 −1.8 1.81
2019 19,394,228 211,175 260,877 −49,702 10.9 13.5 −2.6 −3.8 1.86
2020 19,296,076 206,826 299,524 −92,698 10.7 15.5 −4.8 −2.6 1.80
2021 19,126,302 193,191 335,527 −142,336 10.1 17.5 −7.4 -1.1 1.81
2022 19,052,694 182,083 272,953 −90,870 9.6 14.3 −4.7 4.8 1.71
2023 19,051,562 155,418 242,918 −87,500 8.2 12.7 −4.5 1.49(e)

Note: The 2011 Romanian census gave a figure of 20,121,641.

The 2021 Romanian census gave a figure of 19,053,815.

Current vital statistics

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The current vital statistics of Romania are as follows:[38]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January–September 2023 118,366 180,363 −61,997
January–September 2024 112,486 183,970 −71,484
Difference   −5,880 (−4.96%)   +3,607 (+2%)   −9,487
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional Estimates): [39]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 9 387 590 9 814 072 19 201 662 100
0–4 521 481 493 753 1 015 234 5.29
5–9 491 575 465 014 956 589 4.98
10–14 542 113 513 007 1 055 120 5.49
15–19 529 720 497 225 1 026 945 5.35
20–24 516 683 488 542 1 005 225 5.24
25–29 521 145 486 568 1 007 713 5.25
30–34 692 834 641 537 1 334 371 6.95
35–39 666 920 624 800 1 291 720 6.73
40–44 773 295 740 280 1 513 575 7.88
45–49 757 067 717 118 1 474 185 7.68
50–54 802 907 770 972 1 573 879 8.20
55–59 502 848 511 124 1 013 972 5.28
60–64 574 456 653 682 1 228 138 6.40
65−69 536 795 676 615 1 213 410 6.32
70−74 403 858 556 959 960 817 5.00
75−79 234 736 370 749 605 485 3.15
80−84 181 168 332 869 514 037 2.68
85−89 92 247 181 016 273 263 1.42
90−94 34 236 68 768 103 004 0.54
95−99 9 544 18 845 28 389 0.15
100+ 1 962 4 629 6 591 0.03
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 555 169 1 471 774 3 026 943 15.76
15–64 6 337 875 6 131 848 12 469 723 64.94
65+ 1 494 546 2 210 450 3 704 996 19.30

Life expectancy 1950–2020

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Life expectancy in Romania since 1932
 
Life expectancy in Romania since 1960 by gender

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[40]

Period Life expectancy in

Years

1950–1955   61.15
1955–1960   63.287
1960–1965   67.78
1965–1970   67.34
1970–1975   69.02
1975–1980   69.59
1980–1985   69.73
1985–1990   69.52
1990–1995   69.60
1995–2000   69.71
2000–2005   71.47
2005–2010   73.08
2010–2015   74.85
2015–2020 ?

Birth rates by counties

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Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namely Bucharest. Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), while Vâlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.

Crude birth rate by province in 2016 (Insse)[41]
Județ Total CBR (‰) Urban (‰) Rural (‰)
Romania 8.6 8.3 8.9
Alba County 8.0 7.5 8.8
Arad County 8.5 8.1 8.9
Argeș County 8.3 8.2 8.3
Bacău County 8.0 7.5 8.5
Bihor County 9.2 8.6 9.8
Bistrița-Năsăud County 9.7 9.8 9.7
Botoșani County 8.3 8.1 8.4
Brașov County 9.6 8.6 12.6
Brăila County 6.9 6.2 8.4
Bucharest City 8.8 8.8 —
Buzău County 7.6 7.7 7.6
Caraș-Severin County 6.9 6.7 7.3
Călărași County 8.7 8.5 8.9
Cluj County 9.5 9.2 9.9
Constanța County 9.3 8.8 10.4
Covasna County 9.6 8.1 11.2
Dâmbovița County 8.3 7.7 8.6
Dolj County 7.9 7.9 7.9
Galați County 7.4 6.7 8.3
Giurgiu County 8.3 7.2 8.8
Gorj County 7.5 7.9 7.1
Harghita County 9.4 8.4 10.2
Hunedoara County 7.2 7.4 6.7
Ialomița County 8.2 7.8 8.7
Iași County 9.4 9.1 9.7
Ilfov County 12.0 12.3 11.8
Maramureș County 8.7 8.3 9.2
Mehedinți County 7.8 7.6 8.1
Mureș County 9.4 8.2 10.7
Neamț County 7.5 7.0 7.9
Olt County 7.0 7.8 6.5
Prahova County 7.9 7.6 8.2
Satu Mare County 8.6 7.6 9.5
Sălaj County 10.0 10.2 9.9
Sibiu County 9.3 8.4 11.3
Suceava County 10.3 9.6 10.8
Teleorman County 6.8 6.5 6.9
Timiș County 9.4 9.0 10.0
Tulcea County 7.3 7.8 6.8
Vaslui County 8.2 7.5 8.8
Vâlcea County 6.6 7.2 5.9
Vrancea County 8.3 7.9 8.5

Demographics statistics

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Population history of Romania (modern borders)
 
Live births and deaths between 1930 and 2006
 
Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate since 1950, United Nations estimates

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[42]

  • One birth every 3 minutes
  • One death every 2 minutes
  • Net loss of one person every 5 minutes
  • One net migrant every 19 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[43]

Population

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c. 19,000,000 (January 2023 est.)

Median age

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total: 41.6 years. Country comparison to the world: 38th
male: 40.2 years
female: 43 years (2018 est.)

Birth rate

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8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

Death rate

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12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th

Total fertility rate

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1.71 children born/woman (2017) Country comparison to the world: 154th

Net migration rate

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−0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113th
−0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)[44]

Mother's mean age at first birth

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26.7 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate

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−0.35% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 219th
−0.127% (2007 estimate).[44]

Urban–rural ratio

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Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Just a slight majority, 56.4 percent, lives in urban areas (12,546,212 people in total). The remainder, 43.6 percent, lives in rural areas (9,695,506 people in total).[45]

urban population: 54% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: −0.38% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Sex ratio

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at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.71 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate

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9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (May 2010);[46] down from 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births in 2002.[47]

Life expectancy at birth

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  • total population: 75.6 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 106th
    • male: 72.1 years (2018 est.)
    • female: 79.2 years (2018 est.)
  • Total population: 75 years
    • male: 71.4 years
    • female: 78.8 years (2015 est.)[48]

Literacy

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definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 98.8%
male: 99.1%
female: 98.5% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

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total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

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total: 20.6%. Country comparison to the world: 62nd
male: 19.9%
female: 21.8% (2016 est.)

Nationality

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The noun form is Romanian(s), and the adjectival form is Romanian.

Age structure

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Population pyramid of Romania in 2017
0–14 years: 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082)
15–24 years: 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956)
25–54 years: 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090)
55–64 years: 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854)
65 years and over: 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.)

The following demographic statistics are from National Institute of Statistic on 1 July 2016.

  • 0–14 years: 14.7% (male 1,678,542/female 1,586,709)
  • 15–64 years: 69.5% (male 7,744,863/female 7,687,078)
  • 65 years and over: 15.8% (male 1,420,144/female 2,097,659) (2016 est.)

As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime (see Decree 770), Romania has a higher proportion of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s its population than any other Western country except Slovenia. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% of Americans and 6.33% of Britons.[49]

Age structure by ethnicity

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Population by ethnicity based on age groups, according to the 2011 census:[50]

Age group Total population Romanians Hungarians Roma Ukrainians Germans Turks Others/Undeclared
0–4 1,045,029 766,078 52,158 73,860 2,606 890 2,348 147,089
5–9 1,054,391 804,721 55,477 69,998 3,058 990 2,095 118,052
10–14 1,090,226 861,915 58,081 64,776 3,285 1,072 1,996 99,101
15–19 1,108,453 911,478 59,737 53,768 3,712 1,158 1,651 76,949
20–24 1,366,374 1,119,417 76,714 60,542 3,770 1,488 2,261 102,182
25–29 1,303,077 1,048,482 74,135 49,452 3,545 1,459 2,117 123,887
30–34 1,522,719 1,241,284 90,620 51,267 3,692 1,770 2,452 131,634
35–39 1,538,897 1,283,084 95,034 45,551 3,710 1,999 2,403 107,116
40–44 1,743,878 1,493,176 103,663 39,351 3,530 2,672 2,319 99,167
45–49 1,076,258 924,664 66,469 24,319 3,082 1,933 1,642 54,149
50–54 1,332,266 1,156,851 80,134 25,816 3,259 2,530 1,732 61,944
55–59 1,448,043 1,255,293 94,852 23,064 3,109 3,375 1,554 66,796
60–64 1,244,286 1,084,578 82,353 15,976 2,874 2,523 1,090 54,892
65–69 890,340 766,197 74,709 8,708 2,238 2,796 682 35,010
70–74 901,370 792,445 63,963 7,063 2,190 3,525 560 31,624
75–79 729,965 646,048 48,315 4,803 1,697 2,734 430 25,938
80–84 462,807 407,295 32,265 2,346 1,021 1,947 231 17,702
85+ 263,262 229,862 18,944 913 542 1,181 135 11,685

Immigration

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Main article: Immigration to Romania

Foreign-born population (according to Eurostat):[51]

2016 2018 2020
Population total 19,760,585 19,533,481 19,328,838
Total 347,344 510,526 723,913
  Moldova 137,406 201,628 302,001
   Italy 46,172 60,543 72,473
   Spain 35,857 46,645 59,978
  Ukraine 14,328 25,644 47,614
  United Kingdom 10,428 22,127 34,812
   Germany 10,750 20,739 34,071
   France 9,262 15,887 21,960
   Bulgaria 10,882 10,540 10,029
   Hungary 7,151 8,588 9,560
  Russia 5,596 7,294 9,308
  Turkey 6,769 7,933 9,230
   Greece 5,576 6,843 7,829
  China 4,235 5,485 6,125
  United States 3,634 5,095 5,771
   Belgium 1,808 3,120 4,970
  Israel 2,121 3,727 4,718
  Vietnam 111 642 4,223
   Ireland 1,299 2,678 3,829
   Austria 1,179 2,054 3,767
  Syria 2,833 3,376 3,191
  Serbia 1,897 2,484 2,845
   Portugal 929 1,771 2,369
   Denmark 545 1,105 2,246
  Sri Lanka 89 340 2,195
    Nepal 18 180 2,136
   Netherlands 552 1,220 1,921
  Tunisia 1,362 1,652 1,672
  India 235 421 1,572
   Cyprus 560 1,012 1,508
  Iraq 1,701 2,044 1,419
  Iran 1,348 1,350 1,410
  Norway 477 941 1,375
   Sweden 408 898 1,356
  Morocco 386 876 1,343
  Philippines 169 467 1,206
   Switzerland 361 789 1,136
   Poland 387 970 1,061
  Pakistan 404 437 1,032

Net migration data

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Romania net migration
Year Immigration (Permanent) Emigration (Permanent) Net Migration (Permanent) Temporary Immigration Temporary Emigration Net Temporary Migration Total Net Migration
1991 1,602 44,160 -42,558 - - - -42,558
1992 1,753 31,152 -29,399 - - - -29,399
1993 1,269 18,446 -17,177 - - - -17,177
1994 878 17,146 -16,268 - - - -16,268
1995 4,458 25,675 -21,217 - - - -21,217
1996 2,053 21,526 -19,473 - - - -19,473
1997 6,600 19,945 -13,345 - - - -13,345
1998 11,907 17,536 -5,629 - - - -5,629
1999 10,078 12,594 -2,516 - - - -2,516
2000 11,024 14,753 -3,729 - - - -3,729
2001 10,350 9,921 429 - - - 429
2002 6,582 8,154 -1,572 - - - -1,572
2003 3,267 10,673 -7,406 - - - -7,406
2004 2,987 13,082 -10,095 - - - -10,095
2005 3,704 10,938 -7,234 - - - -7,234
2006 7,714 14,197 -6,483 - - - -6,483
2007 9,575 8,830 745 86,267 544,074 -457,807 -457,807
2008 10,030 8,739 1,291 138,929 302,796 -163,867 -162,576
2009 8,606 10,211 -1,605 135,844 246,626 -110,782 -112,387
2010 7,059 7,906 -847 149,885 197,985 -48,100 -48,947
2011 15,538 18,307 -2,769 147,685 195,551 -47,866 -50,635
2012 21,684 18,001 3,683 167,266 170,186 -2,920 763
2013 23,897 19,056 4,841 153,646 161,755 -8,109 -3,268
2014 36,644 11,251 25,393 136,035 172,871 -36,836 -11,443
2015 23,093 15,235 7,858 132,795 194,718 -61,923 -54,065
2016 27,863 22,807 5,056 137,455 207,578 -70,123 -65,067
2017 50,199 23,156 27,043 177,435 242,193 -64,758 -37,715
2018 65,678 27,229 38,449 172,578 231,661 -59,083 -20,634
2019 64,479 26,775 37,704 202,422 233,736 -31,314 6,390
2020 32,250 21,031 11,219 145,519 186,818 -41,299 -30,080
2021 49,769 34,341 15,428 194,642 216,861 -22,219 -6,791
2022 54,839 48,438 6,401 293,024 202,311 90,713 97,114
2023 29,830 48,612 -18,782 290,344 208,356 81,988 63,206

[52]

Religion

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Main article: Religion in Romania
 
Distribution of religions in Romania
 
Distribution of Orthodox in Romania

Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Greek Catholic or Uniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicates that 0.9% of the population is Greek Catholic, as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948. Roman Catholics, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see Baptist Union of Romania and Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. There are smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

References

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  1. ^ "Populația rezidentă la 23 martie 2023" [Resident population as of March 23, 2023] (PDF). insse.ro (in Romanian). Institutul Național de Statistică. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  2. ^ "World Population Dashboard – Romania".
  3. ^ "Infant Mortality Rate by Country 2023".
  4. ^ "Infant mortality rate – the World Factbook".
  5. ^ See, for example, Fabio Bordignon, "Italian Decentralisation in Romania", SEF 2003, Warsaw. Abstract available online. Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "COMUNICAT DE PRESĂ : 2 februarie 2012 privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor" (PDF). Recensamantromania.ro. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)". UNHCR. 2022.
  8. ^ "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation". UNHCR. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Populația României, creșterea alarmantă: Suntem la nivelul Germaniei. Anual cresc 17 orașe mici". Ziare.com (in Romanian). 10 December 2015.
  10. ^ a b World Population Prospects. The 2010 Revision (PDF) (Report). Vol. I: Comprehensive Tables. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, New York. 2011. p. 162.
  11. ^ Vasile Ghețău (2007). Declinul demografic și viitorul populației României. O perspectivă din anul 2007 asupra populației României în secolul 21 (PDF) (in Romanian). Editura Alpha MDN. ISBN 978-973-7871-88-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-08-04. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
  13. ^ Dr. Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995, Page 17
  14. ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 Page 46
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  22. ^ "Europe :: Romania – the World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". 19 April 2022.
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  24. ^ a b Leonida Colescu, director of Romanian Statistics Service between 1899–1922, discovered that the number of people was overestimated in the census conducted in 1859–1860 and calculated that the real figure was 3,864,848 people. Leonida Colescu (1944). Analiza rezultatelor recensãmântului general al populatiei României din 1899 (PDF). Institutul National de Statistica. p. 7–8; 19.
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  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 2019-02-09, retrieved 2019-02-07
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  46. ^ Populatia Romaniei, in continua scadere, July 12, 2010, Wall-street.ro, Accessed online on August 2, 2012
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  48. ^ "GHO – By category – Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy – Data by country". apps.who.int.
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