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Romania–Serbia relations

Romania-Serbia relations refer to the bilateral relations between Romania and the Republic of Serbia. The two countries share a 546.4 kilometre long border, both being located in Southeastern Europe. The two countries share a long history, religion and elements of culture and geography.

Romanian-Serbian relations
Map indicating locations of Romania and Serbia

Romania
Serbia

Unofficial relations were established during the first half of the 19th century, when both countries were under Ottoman suzerainty. Officially, they established diplomatic relations of April 26, 1879, one year after both countries achieved full independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Craiova Group. Relations between the two nations are close, both politically and between peoples.

History

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Pre-independence relations

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The Principality of Serbia opened its first diplomatic mission in Wallachia in March, 1836, when it opened the Princely-Serbian Diplomatic Agency in Bucharest. However, 27 years later, in February, 1863, the first official diplomatic agency, with Kosta Magazinović as the first diplomatic agent, was opened. One month later, the first Romanian diplomatic agency was opened in Belgrade, on March 12/24, with Teodor Calimachi as the first diplomatic agent.[citation needed]

At the time, both Romania and Serbia were under Ottoman suzerainty, and were fighting for their independence. As the Great Eastern Crisis was reopened when the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire went to war in 1877, a coalition supporting the Russians was formed by Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia. The latter three countries were granted independence following the Treaty of Berlin, signed on July 13, 1878.[1]

Post-independence relations

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In 1879, the diplomatic agencies in Belgrade and Bucharest became legations, and the diplomatic agents became resident ministers. Lascăr Catargiu became the first resident minister of Romania in Serbia, and Milan A. Petronijević became the first resident minister of Serbia in Romania. Both Romania and Serbia became kingdoms, in 1881 and 1882, respectively, and their diplomatic representatives became "extraordinary envoy and plenipotentiary ministers". Officially, the legations from Belgrade and Bucharest became embassies in 1939.[2]

Romania and Serbia fought together in the Second Balkan War of 1913, against Bulgaria. One year later, the First World War began when Austro-Hungary invaded Serbia due to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, an ethnic Serb. Despite Romania technically being part of the Central Powers, it refused to take part in the war, and, in 1916, joined the Entente, the same alliance Serbia was a part of. After the Entente won the war, both Romania and Serbia, alongside the newly formed Czechoslovakia, went at war with Hungary, and, at the end, as the victorious side, annexed parts of it. Because of this, the First Czechoslovak Republic, the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes formed the Little Entente in 1921. Moreover, in 1934, the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, alongside the Second Hellenic Republic and the Republic of Turkey formed the Balkan Pact to avoid the revisionist politics of Bulgaria.[3]

During the Second World War, Romania was led to become an Axis member, which made the country recognize the Independent State of Croatia after Yugoslavia's dismantle by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria. This led to a diplomatic breakup of relations. Moreover, calls for Romania to annex parts of Yugoslavia, namely the ethnic Romanian villages in Morava and Danube banovinas, were made. Romania refused to annex any parts of Yugoslavia and relations were eventually reestablished after the proclamation of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after the war ended.[citation needed]

The Soviet Army occupation of Romania at the end of the war led to the creation of People's Republic of Romania, a socialist satellite state of the Soviet Union. Understanding the nature of European geopolitics at the time, including the Tito-Stalin split, Romania and Yugoslavia had tense relations over the course of the first postwar years.[citation needed] After Romania broke up from the Soviet sphere of influence and became fully independent, relations were retaken and became really close, Romanian communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and Yugoslav leader Josif Broz Tito meeting more than twenty times until Tito's death in 1980. Tito-Ceaușescu cooperation led to the construction of the Iron Gates I and II Hydroelectric Power Stations, the biggest dams over the Danube and some of the biggest in Europe.[citation needed]

Yugoslavia also became the biggest host of Romanian refugees during the last decade of communism in Romania, when it became unbearable due to Ceaușescu's ambitions and rules.[citation needed] As the communism regime prohibited citizens of leaving the country, tens of thousands, if not even hundreds, of Romanian citizens from all across the country tried to evade Romania by illegally swimming or rowing across the Danube river into Yugoslavia, where they would be granted asylum and freedom to leave towards Western Europe, North America or Australia. Dozens of people died during their attempt.[citation needed]

Modern relations

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Modern relations between Romania and Serbia began right after the Romanian Revolution and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. In the last decade of the 20th century, relations between the two countries were mostly affected after Romania decided to join the international community and enforced the embargo UN imposed over Yugoslavia during the Bosnian War, leading to a political rupture of the good historical relations between the two countries.

This, inadvertently, led to one of the biggest illegal trafficking network in Europe at the time. As the embargo prevented Yugoslavia from purchasing fuel, Romanian citizens, impoverished by the internal crisis inadvertently caused by the fall of the communist regime, began illegally crossing the Danube in order to sell petrol, diesel and other forms of fuel to their Serbian neighbours. During a two years period, between 1993 and 1995, a lot of Romanians in the villages on the Danube shore got rich by illegal means, helping their Serbian counterparts. Any form of gas in Yugoslavia was around five times more expensive than in Romania. The network abruptly shut down in 1995, and it is believed that, despite their position, the Romanian government involved in it. Around ten to twenty people were killed during those years, either by the Romanian border guards or other smugglers.[4]

Politic relations got even worse during the late years of the same decade, when Romania, on its way of accession to NATO, allowed NATO planes to use Romanian airspace in order to strike targets in Serbia. Supporting NATO during the Yugoslav Wars got Romania's position as an official NATO member in 2004. However, civilians continued showing support to Serbia, most Romanian citizens not agreeing with their government position.[5]

After the end of the Yugoslav Wars, relations gradually improved, with Romania supporting Serbia's integration with the international community. Nowadays, symbolizing the good relations between Romania and Serbia, there is in the former a sentence that says "Romania only has two friends: the Black Sea and Serbia". However, this phrase and the state of the relations between both has been disturbed by the Romanians in the Timok Valley in Serbia, where they are known in Serbian as "Vlachs", claiming a separate ethnic identity from the Romanians.[6] [7]

Romania-Kosovo relations

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Relations between Romania and the Republic of Kosovo are non-existent as of 2024. Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia caused debates and outrage in Romania, as the country strongly opposes any kind of self-determination and refuses to acknowledge the sovereignty of Kosovo. Romania is among the five countries part of the European Union who does not recognize Kosovo, and one of the seven countries boycotting Kosovo's admission to the Council of Europe in 2023.

On 18 February 2008, the very next day after Kosovo's secession from Serbia, a vote in the Parliament of Romania determined their position regarding Kosovo. The results were strongly against any recognition, with 357 ”No” votes and only 27 ”Yes” votes. Furthermore, both the president Traian Băsescu and prime minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu were opposed and announced their support for Serbia's territorial integrity. A potential change emerged during the leadership of Victor Ponta, prime-minister of Romania between 2012 and 2015, who stated that ”Romania must follow EU's lead" after the European Union urged Cyprus, Greece, Romania, Slovakia and Spain to reconsider their decisions regarding Kosovo. However, after his resignation, the Government of Romania never addressed a change in recognition.[8][9][10]

A recent example for the bitterness of the relations is a football match between the two national football teams in 2023. Their two national teams were drawn into the same group for the qualifiers to the UEFA Euro 2024 tournament, and during the second-leg match between the teams at Arena Națională in Bucharest, an ultras group that is supporting the Romanian side, named ”Uniți Sub Tricolor” (”United Under Tricolour” in Romanian) displayed two banners quoting ”Basarabia e România” (”Bessarabia is Romania” in Romanian) and ”Kosovo je Srbija” (”Kosovo is Serbia” in Serbian) and began shouting pro-Serbia chants. The match was eventually interrupted in the 18th minute for almost an hour, after a Romanian fan threw a torch on the pitch and the Kosovar side left the pitch in protest. While negotiations were taking place, the Romanian gendarmerie removed the racist banners and tried to solve the issues. Romania eventually won the match 2-0, coming closer to the eventual qualification to UEFA Euro 2024. After the match, the Football Federation of Kosovo filed a report against the Romanian Football Federation to UEFA, demanding that Kosovo be awarded a 3-0 victory because of the events. The complaint was denied but the Romanian Football Federation was fined 52,000 Euros and ordered to play its next home match (against Andorra) without fans.[11] [12][13]

Romania maintains a liaison office in Pristina, but not an embassy.

While Romania and Serbia do have good relations, the main reason of Romania's position is the Székely Land problem. "Székely Land" is the name of a region in Romania where the majority is composed of ethnic Hungarians and Székelys. Therefore, acknowledging the independence of Kosovo may lead Székely Land to seek for autonomy or even independence, with nationalist figures such as Corneliu Vadim Tudor claiming their intention is to instantly be absorbed into neighbouring Hungary, country that used to rule the region for hundreds of years. During the February 2008 vote, the results showed members of the ethnic Hungarian party UDMR, which actively supports Székely Land's autonomy within Romania, were responsible for most "Yes" votes. Hungary recognized Kosovo's independence on March 19 of the same year. [14]

Kosovo’s UEFA Nations League match against Romania was abandoned on 15 November 2024, after Kosovo players walked off the pitch in the 93rd minute due to offensive chanting from Romanian fans, including pro-Serbian slogans. The match was goalless at the time, and despite a five-minute ultimatum to return, Kosovo refused to continue. Franco Foda expressed disappointment over the loss of respect and cited unsafe conditions. Amir Rrahmani also condemned the chants, stating that the situation had escalated.[15]

Diplomatic missions

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Embassy of Serbia in Bucharest, in the Emanoil Tătărăscu and Enescu House, designed by Ion Giurgea, built in 1936.[16]

Romania is represented in Serbia by its embassy in Belgrade and the two consulate-generals, in Vršac and Zaječar.

Serbia is represented in Romania by its embassy in Bucharest and the consulate-general in Timișoara.

Memberships

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Both Romania and Serbia are members of the:

Romania's position in Serbia's accession to the European Union

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See also: Accession of Serbia to the European Union

Serbia borders four European Union member states while not being itself a member state. Out of 1343.4 kilometers of border, 546.4 are of shared border with Romania, which is considered to be one of Serbia's key allies in its European Union integration path.[17]

Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on December 22, 2009, and has become an official candidate on March 1, 2012. Before this, Romania unsuccessfully tried to veto Serbia on receiving the candidate status, quoting the lack of minority rights for the Romanian minority in Serbia. However, ever since then, Romania intensively intervened in Serbia's accession by sending aid in forms of financial and technical means to their Serbian counterparts.[18]

Romania has not recognized Kosovo's independence from Serbia despite European Union's general support for Kosovo's self determination. In order for Serbia to become a European Union member state, it is considered that it should recognize Kosovo's legitimacy, thing that was completely unacceptable for any Serbian government ever since Kosovo's declaration of independence or since Serbia applied for European Union membership. Kosovo itself tries to become a European Union member state but opposition from some European Union member states, as well as its disputed status, is making this very hard. Both Serbia and Romania are firm with their positions regarding Kosovo, thus making Serbia's accession to the European Union a harder mission.[citation needed] The 35th chapter of the negotiations between Serbia and the European Union regard the relations with Kosovo, and while some progress has been made, neither Belgrade's or Pristina's positions are clear.[citation needed]

Serbs of Romania

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Main article: Serbs of Romania
 
Sveti Đurađ monastery
 
Bazjaš monastery
 
The Palace and Cathedral of Serbian Orthodox Church eparchy in Timișoara, capital of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860)

From the late 14th- to the beginning of the 16th century a large number of Serbs lived in Wallachia and Moldavia.[19] Following Ottoman expansion in the 15th century, Serb mass migrations ensued into Pannonia.[19] Serbian Orthodox monasteries began to be built in the area from the 15th century, including Kusić and Senđurađ built by despot Jovan Branković, and in the 16th century including Bezdin and Hodoș-Bodrog Monastery where built by the Jakšić family.[19] In the Ottoman period, many Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries were built in the administrative unit Eyalet of Temeşvar, which comprised Banat and Southern Crișana which was called Pomorišje by the Serbs.[19]

In the spring of 1594, shortly after the beginning of the Austro-Turkish War (1593-1606), local Serbian and Romanian Orthodox Christians,[20][21] in the Eyalet of Temeşvar, started an uprising against Turkish rule. At first, rebels were successful. They took the city of Vršac and various other towns in Banat and started negotiations with Prince of Transylvania. One of the leaders of the uprising was local Serbian Orthodox Bishop Theodore.[22] After the crushing of the uprising in Banat, many Serbs migrated to Transylvania under the leadership of Bishop Teodor; the territory towards Ineu and Teiuș was settled, where Serbs had lived since earlier – the Serbs had their eparchies, opened schools, founded churches and printing houses.[23]

Ethnic Serbs are a recognized minority in Romania, with around 18,000 Serbs living in Romania, or around 0,1% of the total population. Most of them live in the counties of Arad, Caraș-Severin, Mehedinți and Timiș, located on the Serbian border. Notable examples of Serbian villages in Romania are Șvinița in Mehedinți county, with a 90% ethnic Serbian population, and Socol in Caraș-Severin county, with 50%. The community represents the oldest Serbian community outside of Serbia. [24]

Ethnic Serbs in Romania have the right to study up to high school and take the baccalaureate exam in their native language. One seat in the Chamber of Deputies is reserved for the ethnic Serb minority. Multiple Serbian orthodox churches are scattered through the Romanian part of Banat.

Most of the Serbs in Romania are Orthodox Christians; the vast majority belong to Serbian Orthodox Church Eparchy of Timișoara.

There are Serbian Orthodox Churches with several in Timișoara (Темишвар/Temišvar), with two in Arad (Арад), Reșița (Решица/Rešica), Lugoj (Лугош/Lugoš), Ineu (Јенопоље/Jenopolje), Buziaş (Бузјаш/Buziaš), Sânnicolau Mare (Велики Семиклуш/Veliki Semikluš), Pecica (Печка/Pečka), Nădlac (Nađlak/Нађлак), Ciacova (Чаково/Čakovo), Jimbolia (Жомбољ/Žombolj), Orşova (Оршава/Oršava), Moldova Nouă (Нова Молдава or Бошњак/Nova Moldova or Bošnjak), Deta (Дета) and Oravița (Оравица/Oravica).

There are also village churches in Cenad (Нађчанад/Nađčanad), Variaș (Варјаш/Varjaš), Felnac (Фенлак/Fenlak), Turnu (Torno/Торња), Moravița (Моравица/Moravica), Brestovăț (Брестовац/Brestovac), Sânpetru Mare (Велики Семпетар/Veliki Sempetar), Peciu Nou (Улбеч/Ulbeč), Cenei (Ченеј/Čenej), Svinița (Свињица/Svinjica), Secusigiu (Секусић/Sekusić), Moldova Veche (Стара Молдава/Stara Moldova), Denta (Дента), Saravale (Саравола/Saravola), Foeni (Фењ/Fenj), Socol (Сокол/Sokol), Baziaș, (Базјаш/Bazjaš), Zlatița (Златица/Zlatica), Pojejena (Пожежена/Požežena), Belobreșca (Белобрешка/Belobreška), Divici (Дивић/Divić), Radimna (Радимна/Radimna), Șușac (Шушка/Šuška), Berzasca (Берзаска/Berzaska), Dejan (Дејан/Dejan) and Sânmartinu Maghiar (Мађарски Семартон/Mađarski Semarton).

List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Romania:

  • Sveti Đurađ monastery (Манастир светог Ђорђа - Манастир свети Ђурађ / Manastir svetog Đorđa - Manastir sveti Đurađ). According to the legend, it was founded in 1485 by the Serbian despot, Jovan Branković. It was rebuilt in the 18th century.
  • Šemljug monastery (Манастир Шемљуг / Manastir Šemljug). It was founded in the 15th century.
  • Sveti Simeon monastery (Манастир светог Симеона / Manastir svetog Simeona).
  • Bazjaš Monastery (Манастир Базјаш / Manastir Bazjaš), built 1225
  • Bezdin Monastery (Манастир Бездин / Manastir Bezdin).
  • Zlatica monastery (Манастир Златица / Manastir Zlatica).
  • Kusić monastery (Манастир Кусић / Manastir Kusić).
  • The "St. Peter and Paul" Serbian Church, raised in 1698-1702 in Arad, early Baroque architecture

Romanians of Serbia

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Main articles: Romanians of Serbia and Romanian language in Serbia
 
The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral in Vršac
 
A church in Vojvodina where religious service is performed in the Romanian language (Alibunar).

As Daco-Romanian-speakers, the Vlachs have a connection to Roman heritage in Serbia. Following Roman withdrawal from the province of Dacia at the end of the 3rd century, the name of the Roman region was changed to Dacia Aureliana, and (later Dacia Ripensis) spread over most of what is now called Serbia and Bulgaria.[25][26] Strong Roman presence in the region persisted through the end of Justinian's reign in the 6th century.[27][page needed]

Starting in the early 18th century NE Serbia was settled by Romanians (then known by their international exonym as Vlachs) from Banat, parts of Transylvania, and Oltenia (Lesser Walachia).[28] These are the Ungureni (Ungurjani), Munteni (Munćani) and Bufeni (Bufani). Today about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians, originating in Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia), also settled south of the Danube.[29]

Ethnic Romanians are also a recognized minority in Serbia, with around 23,000 Romanians living in Serbia, together with an additional 21,000 so-called "Vlachs", which refer to the ethnic Romanian groups living south of the Danube.[citation needed] In total, Romanians and Vlachs account for around 0,6% of Serbia's total population, most of them living in villages and towns on the Romanian border, such as Mali Žam or Grebenac. Major cities of Serbia, such as Bor, Novi Sad, Vršac, Zaječar or Zrenjanin, also host numerous Romanians.[citation needed] Romanian language is an official language of the Autonomous Region of Vojvodina. Multiple Romanian orthodox churches are also scattered through Serbia, including the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral in Vršac.

Unlike in Romania, ethnic Romanians in Serbia do not have the right to study in their native language, and are not represented politically. This has led to brief diplomatic skirmishes between the two countries, including Romania's veto on Serbia's admission as a candidate state of the European Union. Furthermore, a scandal regarding the ethnic Vlachs in the Timok river valley is ongoing.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ G.G. Florescu, "Agențiile diplomatice de la București și Belgrad (1863–1866)", în Romanoslavica XI/1965, pp. 126–131.
  2. ^ Bogdan Catana, Relații diplomatice româno-sârbe, 1880–1913, Craiova, 2009, p. 74.
  3. ^ Reprezentanțele diplomatice ale României, vol. I, 1859–1917, București, 1967, pp. 130–134.
  4. ^ "Embargoul sârbilor, paradis pentru români în perioada 1992-1995". Digi 24 (in Romanian). 23 August 2015.
  5. ^ "CALENDAR 9-22 APRILIE - Avioanele NATO bombardează Serbia venind din România | Newsweek Romania". Newsweek (in Romanian). 9 April 2021.
  6. ^ Bărbulescu, Ovidiu (31 May 2015). "Premierul sârb, întrevedere cu Victor Ponta: România are Serbia și Marea Neagră drept prieteni. Serbia nu are mare, o are doar pe România". Mediafax (in Romanian).
  7. ^ Cupcea, Radu (22 June 2021). "Ferește-mă, Doamne, de prieteni! Dezinformarea anti-românească capătă proporții naționale în Serbia". Adevărul (in Romanian).
  8. ^ President Basescu says Romania not to recognise Kosovo independence, HotNews.ro, 2008-02-19
  9. ^ Romania will not recognise Kosovo independence, Reuters, 2008-02-19
  10. ^ "Romania 'could recognize Kosovo' – PM". B92. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  11. ^ "Kosovo anunță că merge la UEFA și TAS, după scandările din meciul cu România". Digi Sport (in Romanian). 14 September 2023.
  12. ^ "Câţi bani a pierdut FRF din cauza ultraşilor! Amenzi uriaşe de la UEFA". Fanatik (in Romanian). 20 September 2023.
  13. ^ "Romania beats Kosovo 2-0 in temporarily suspended match due to fans' 'discriminatory behavior'". CNN. 14 September 2023.
  14. ^ Damian, Alexandru; Demjaha, Agon (11 June 2019). "The Kosovo Question in Romanian politics". blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/.
  15. ^ Meade, Samuel (16 November 2024). "Nations League drama as match abandoned after team walk off in protest". Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  16. ^ Ghigeanu, Mădălin (2022). Curentul Mediteraneean în arhitectura interbelică. Vremea. p. 69. ISBN 978-606-081-135-0.
  17. ^ "Romania backs Serbia's EU integration process: president". Xinhua. 28 June 2022.
  18. ^ "Romania accused of 'lack of European spirit' over Serbia's candidacy". Euractiv. 29 February 2012.
  19. ^ a b c d Cerović 1997.
  20. ^ Gavrilović 1993, p. 44.
  21. ^ Lemajić 2015, pp. 218–221.
  22. ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 141–142.
  23. ^ Cerović 1997, Oslobodilački pokreti u vreme Turaka.
  24. ^ Ștefan Both (8 February 2014). "Povestea sârbilor din Banat" [The Story of the Serbs of Banat]. Adevarul.ro (in Romanian).
  25. ^ Alaric Watson, Aurelian and the Third Century, Routledge, 1999.
  26. ^ Watson, Alaric (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Psychology Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-415-30187-9.
  27. ^ William Rosen, Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, Viking Adult, 2007.
  28. ^ Mirdita, Zef (2004). "Hrvatski institut za povijest". Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. 23: 293–298.
  29. ^ (in Serbian) Kosta Jovanovic, Negotinska Krajina i Kljuc, Belgrade, 1940

Sources

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Further reading

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