Wikipedia

Romani diaspora

(Redirected from Romani populations)

The Romani diaspora refers to the presence and dispersion of Romani people across various parts of the world. Their migration out of the Indian subcontinent occurred in waves, with the first estimated to have taken place in the 6th century.[2][3] They are believed to have first arrived in Europe via the Balkans sometime between the 9th and 14th centuries.[4][5][6] They settled in the areas of present-day Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Croatia, Moldova, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Hungary, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovakia, by order of volume, and Spain. From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and, in the 19th and later centuries, to the Americas. The Roma population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.[7]

Countries with a significant Romani population according to unofficial estimates.
  + 1,000,000
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
Distribution of the Romani people in Europe (2007 Council of Europe "average estimates", totalling 9.8 million)[1]
* The size of the wheel symbols reflects absolute population size
* The gradient reflects the percent in the country's population: 0%                              10%.

Romani people are predominantly found in Europe, particularly in the Balkans, parts of Central Europe and Spain. The total number of Romani living outside Europe are primarily in the Middle East and North Africa and in the Americas, and are estimated in total at more than two million.[8][9] Most Romani populations overseas were founded in the 19th century by emigration from Europe. There were Roma with Christopher Columbus on his third voyage to Hispaniola in 1498.[10] Some countries do not collect data by ethnicity. As of the early 2000s, an estimated 4 to 9 million Romani people lived in Europe and Asia Minor,[11] although some Romani organizations estimate numbers as high as 14 million.[12]

There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide.[13] Many Roma refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for fear of discrimination.[14] There are also some descendants of intermarriage with local populations who no longer identify exclusively as Roma, or who do not identify as Roma at all.

The Romani people identify with distinct sub-ethnic groups based in part on territorial, religious, cultural and dialectal differences, and self-designation. The main branches are:[15][16][17][18]

Romani people dancing at a Romani wedding in Sofia, Bulgaria, 1936
  1. Roma, concentrated in Central and Eastern Europe and Italy; they emigrated (mostly from the 19th century onwards) to the rest of Europe as well as the Americas. The name Roma is also used as a collective name for all Romani people.
  2. Calé, mostly in Spain (see Gitanos), but also in Portugal (see Romani people in Portugal), southern France, and Latin America
  3. Kaale, in Finland; communities also exist in Sweden.
  4. Kalé, in Wales, specifically in the Northwestern part of the country in Welsh-speaking areas
  5. Romanichal, in England. Communities also exist in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Northeast Wales, South Wales and in the Scottish Borders.
Romani people with their horse and vardo (Romani wagon) in Epsom, England, 1938
  1. Sinti, in German-speaking areas of Europe and some neighboring countries
  2. Manush, in French-speaking areas of Europe (in French: Manouche)
  3. Romanisæl, in Sweden and Norway. The Romani-Swedish population is mostly located in the southern parts of the country.
  4. Kalderash, in Central and Eastern Europe. Also present in parts of Northern Europe.
  5. Scottish Lowland Roma are also considered to be a Romani subgroup although their cultural heritage is theorised to be a fusion between Roma and a native Traveller group. Their language is predominantly derived from Romani.
  6. Muslim Roma, Horahane, Romanlar in Turkey and the Balkans

The Romani have additional internal distinctions, with groups identified as Bashaldé; Churari; Lori; Ungaritza; Lovari (Lovara) from Hungary; Machvaya (Machavaya, Machwaya, or Macwaia) from Serbia; Romungro from Hungary and neighbouring Carpathian countries; Erlides (Yerlii, Arli); Xoraxai (Horahane) from Greece and Turkey; Boyash (Lingurari, Ludar, Ludari, Rudari, Zlătari) from Romanian / Moldovan miners; Ursari from Romanian / Moldovan bear-trainers; Argintari from silversmiths; Aurari from goldsmiths; Florari from florists; and Lăutari from singers.

Population by country

edit

This is a table of Romani people by country. The list does include the Dom people, who are often subsumed under "Gypsies".

The official number of Romani people is disputed in many countries; some do not collect data by ethnicity; in others, Romani individuals may refuse to register their ethnic identity for fear of discrimination,[19] or have assimilated and do not identify exclusively as Romani. In some cases, governments consult Romani organizations for data.

Country Region Population Subgroups
Afghanistan Central / South Asia 20,000 to 30,000[20]
Albania Southern Europe, Balkans 8,301 (0.3%) (official 2011 census)[21] Gabel (Vlax Roma), Jevgs
Algeria North Africa 40,000 Kale, Xoraxane
Angola Africa 16,000 Kale (from Portugal)
Argentina South America 300,000 Kalderash, Boyash, Kale
Armenia Western Asia 50[22] Lom people
Australia Oceania 5,000+[23] Romanichal, Boyash
Austria Central Europe 20,000–50,000[24][25] Burgenland-Roma, Sinti, Lovari, Arlije from Macedonia, Kalderash from Serbia, Gurbeti from Serbia and Macedonia
Azerbaijan Eastern Europe / Western Asia 2,000[26] Garachi[27]
Belarus Eastern Europe 10,000 (census data)
or 50,000–60,000
(estimated data)[28][29]		 Belaruska Roma, Ruska Roma, Polska Roma, Litovska Roma, Lotfitka Roma, Servy, Kalderash
Belgium Western Europe 10,000–15,000[24] Romungro
Bosnia and Herzegovina Southern Europe, Balkans 12,000[30] / 58,000[31]
Brazil South America 678,000–1,000,000 Kale, Kalderash, Machvaya, Xoraxane, Boyash
Bulgaria Southern / Eastern Europe, Balkans 370,908 (official census)
to 600,000[32]		 Yerli, Gurbeti, Kalderash, Boyash, Ursari
Canada North America 80,000[33] Kalderash, Romanichal
Chile South America 15,000–20,000 Xoraxane
China Asia 9,000 Vlax (Kalderash, Lovara, Potkovari)
Colombia South America 4,850[34][35] Kalderash
Croatia Central / Southern Europe, Balkans 2,500 (census results)[36]
Estimated:3,000[37]		 Lovari, Boyash
Cyprus West Asia 1,250 (estimated)[38] Kalderash, Kurbet, Mantides
Denmark Northern Europe 1,500–2,000[24]
Ecuador South America 2,000 Kalderash
Estonia Northern Europe 456[39]
Finland Northern Europe 10,000+[40][41] Kàlo
France Western Europe 500,000 (official estimation)
1,200,000–1,300,000 (unofficial estimation)[42][43]		 Manush, Kalderash, Lovari, Sinti
Germany Central / Western Europe 500,000[44] mostly Sinti, but also Balkan Roma, Vlax Roma
Georgia Eastern Europe, Western Asia 500+[45] Roma, Domari, Lom/Bosha
Greece Southern Europe, Balkans 200,000
or 300,000[46]		 Erlides, Xoraxane,
Hungary Central / Eastern Europe 205,984 (census);[47]
394,000–1,000,000 (estimated)[48][49][50] 		Romungro, Boyash, Lovari
Iran Western Asia 2,000−3,000[51] Domari, Koeli, Ghorbati, Nawari, Zargar people
Iraq Western Asia 40,000[52]
Ireland Northern Europe 3,000[53]
Italy Southern Europe 90,000–180,000[24] + 152,000 illegal Roma in 700 camps[54] Sinti, Ursari, Kalderash, Xoraxane
Jordan Western Asia 80,000[55] Dom people
Kosovo Southeast Europe
Latvia Northern Europe 8,482 (2012 est.)[57] or 13,000–15,000[58] Lofitka Roma (in same Baltic Romani dialect family as Polska Roma and Ruska Roma)
Lebanon Western Asia 12,000 Nawar people, Dom people
Libya North Africa 40,000 Nawar people, Dom people
Lithuania Northern Europe 3,000–4,000[24]
Luxembourg Western Europe 100–150[24]
North Macedonia Southern Europe, Balkans 53,879 Roma and 3,843 Balkan Egyptians
to 260,000[59]		 Yerli, Gurbeti, Cergari, Egyptians
Mexico North America 16,000 Kale, Boyash, Machwaya, Lovari, Gitanos, Kalderash[60]
Moldova Eastern Europe 12,900 (census) to 20,000–25,000[24] or
150,000[61][62]		 Rusurja, Ursari, Kalderash
Montenegro Southern Europe, Balkans 2,601
to 20,000,[63]
additionally 8,000 registered Roma refugees from Kosovo, the entire number of IDP Kosovarian Roma in Montenegro is twice as large.[63]
Morocco North Africa 50,000 Nawar people, Dom people, Kale, Gitanos, Kalderash, Boyash
Netherlands Western Europe 35,000–40,000[24]
New Zealand Oceania 132[64]
Norway Northern Europe 6,500 or more[65] Norwegian and Swedish Travellers (Romanoar, Tavringer), Vlax[66]
Poland Central / Eastern Europe 15,000–60,000[67][68] Polska Roma
Portugal Southern / Western Europe 40,000[24][69][70]
Romania Southern / Central / Eastern Europe 621,573 (2011 census)
1,850,000 (estimated)[71][72][73]		 Kalderash, Ursari, Lovari, Vlax, Romungro
Russia Eastern Europe, North Asia 182,766 (census 2002)
or
450,000–1,000,000 (estimated)[74][62]		 Ruska Roma (descended from Polska Roma, from Poland), Kalderash (from Moldova), Servy (from Ukraine and Balkans), Ursari (from Bulgaria) Lovare, Wallachian Roma (from Wallachia), Boshas (from Armenia).[75]
Serbia Southeast Europe, Balkans 147,604 (census 2011)
or 400,000–800,000 (estimated)[63][76]		 See Romani people in Serbia. Main sub-groups include "Turkish Gypsies", "White Gypsies", "Wallachian Gypsies" and "Hungarian Gypsies".[77]
Slovakia Central / Eastern Europe 92,500 or 550,000[78][79][80][81][82] Romungro
Slovenia Central / Southern Europe, Balkans 3,246–10,000[24][83]
Spain Southern / Western Europe 1,000,000 (official estimation)[84]
600,000–800,000[85]
or 1,500,000[86][87]		 Gitanos, Kalderash, Boyash, Erromintxela
Sudan Africa 50,000 Nawar people, Dom people
Sweden Northern Europe 30,000–65,000[88] Swedish Travellers (Tavringer), Vlax (Kalderash, Lovara), Kàlo (Finnish Roma)
Switzerland Central / Western Europe 30,000–35,000[24]
Syria Western Asia 34,000[89] Nawar people, Dom people
Tajikistan Central Asia 2,234[90] Dom people
Tunisia North Africa 20,000 Nawar people, Dom people
Turkey Southern / Eastern Europe, Balkans, Western Asia 35,000[91] to 5,000,000[92] Bosha, Romani people in Turkey,

Garachi

Ukraine Eastern Europe 47,587 (census 2001)
or 400,000 (estimated)[93]		 Kelderare (Hungarian name for Kotlyary; Zakarpattia), Kotlyary (other Ukrainian regions), Ruska Roma (northern Ukraine), Servy (Serby, southern and central Ukraine, from Serbia), Lovare (central Ukraine), Kelmysh, Crymy (in Crimea), Servica Roma (in Zakarpattia from Slovakia), Ungriko Roma (in Zakarpattia from Hungary)[94][95]
United Kingdom Northern / Western Europe 44,000–94,000+[96][23] Unspecified number of Romani immigrants from Eastern Europe (among them in 2004 there were 4,100 Vlax Roma)[34]
and additionally 200,000 recent migrants[97]		 Romanichal, Welsh Kale
United States North America 1,000,000 (Romani ancestry. Romani organizations' estimate)
Uruguay South America 2,000–5,000
Venezuela South America 2,000–5,000 Gitanos, Gurbeti, Kalderash, Xaladitka Roma, Ciganos, Manouche
  Roma (Gypsy) population by country
Country Official Source Low estimate High estimate Note
  Abkhazia* 261 (2011 census)[98] 500 600
  Afghanistan – – 20,000 30,000
  Albania 8,301 (2011 census)[21] 80,000 150,000 Roma population lives in 71 communes.
  Algeria – – 2,500 40,000
  Angola – – 12,000 16,000
  Argentina – – 300,000 350,000
  Armenia 48 (1989 census)[99] 2,000 2,000 Armenianized.
  Artsakh* 1 (1989 census)[100] 20 25
  Australia 775 (2011 census) 5,000 25,000
  Austria 6,273 (2001 census)[101] 20,000 50,000
  Azerbaijan 145 (1989 census)[99] 2,000 2,000
  Belarus 6,848 (2019 census)[102] 25,000 70,000 Roma population lives in 104 districts.
  Belgium – – 20,000 40,000
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 12,583 (2013 census)[103] 40,000 76,000 Roma population lives in 92 municipalities. In 3 villages the Roma are the majority.
  Brazil 800,000 (2010 census) 680,000 1,000,000 The 2010 IBGE Brazilian National Census encountered Romani camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities.
  Bulgaria 325,343 (2011 census)[104] 700,000 800,000 Roma population lives in 258 municipalities. In 43 villages and 1 town, the Roma are the majority.
  Canada 5,255 (2011 census)[105] 5,000 80,000
  Chile – – 15,000 20,000
  China – – 9,000 9,000
  Colombia 4,858 (2005 census)[35] 6,000 8,000
  Croatia 16,975 (2011 census) 30,000 40,000
  Cyprus – – 1,000 1,500
  Czech Republic 4,458 (2021 census) 150,000 250,000
  Ecuador – – 2,000 2,000
  Egypt – – 1,800,000 2,262,000
  Estonia 676 (2021 census) 600 1,500
  Denmark – – 1,000 4,000
  Finland – – 10,000 12,000
  France – – 500,000 1,200,000
  Georgia 1,744 (1989 census)[99] 1,500 2,500
  Germany – – 70,000 140,000
  Greece – – 100,000 300,000
  Hungary 309,632 (2016 census)[106] 600,000 1,000,000
  Iran – – 100,000 800,000
  Iraq – – 40,000 60,000
  Ireland 30,987 (2016 census)[107] 30,000 42,000
  Israel – – 2,000 4,000
  Italy 29,438 (2018 census)[108] 120,000 180,000 Only a minority, estimated at 26,000 people, live in authorized slums. In 148 "formal" slums live 16,400 people, of which 43% are Italian. In the

"tolerated" micro-settlement there are 9,600 Roma with Romanian 86% and Bulgarian 14% EU passports.[108]

  Jordan – – 40,000 88,000
  Kazakhstan 7,165 (1989 census)[99] 10,000 15,000
  Kosovo* 35,784 (2011 census) 25,000 50,000 Roma population lives in 29 municipalities. In 3 villages the Roma are the majority.
  Kyrgyzstan 990 (1989 census)[99] 1,500 2,500
  Latvia 5,082 (2018 statistics) 9,000 16,000
  Lebanon 3,112 (2011 research) 5,000 12,000
  Libya – – 10,000 40,000
  Lithuania 2,251 (2021 census) 2,000 4,000
  Luxembourg – – 100 500
  Mexico – – 15,000 50,000
  Moldova 9,323 (2014 census)[109] 14,200 200,000 Roma population lives in 35 districts. In 1 village and 2 cities, the Roma are the majority.
  Montenegro 6,251 (2011 census)[110] 15,000 25,000
  Morocco – – 30,000 50,000
  Netherlands – – 32,000 48,000
  New Zealand 132 (2018 census) 1,500 3,000
  North Macedonia 46,433 (2021 census)[111] 134,000 260,000 Roma population lives in 62 municipalities.
  Norway – – 4,500 15,700
  Pakistan – – 30,000 80,000
  Palestine* – – 35,000 46,000
  Peru – – 8,000 10,000
  Poland 12,855 (2002 census)[112] 15,000 50,000
  Portugal – – 34,000 70,000
  Romania 621,573 (2011 census)[113] 1,200,000 2,500,000
  Russia 205,007 (2010 census) 450,000 1,200,000
  Serbia 147,604 (2011 census)[114] 400,000 800,000 Roma population lives in 115 municipalities.
  Slovakia 67,179 (2021 census)[115] 380,000 600,000 Roma population lives in 78 of the districts.
  Slovenia 3,246 (2002 census)[116] 7,000 10,000
  South Africa – – 8,500 10,000
  South Ossetia* 6 (2015 census)[117] 15 20
  Spain – – 500,000 1,100,000
  Sudan – – 40,000 50,000
  Sweden – – 35,000 65,000
  Switzerland – – 25,000 35,000
  Syria – – 100,000 300,000
  Tajikistan 2,334 (2010 census)[118] 4,000 5,000
  Tunisia – – 20,000 20,000
  Turkey – – 500,000 5,000,000
  Turkmenistan 119 (1989 census)[99] 1,000 2,000
  Ukraine 47,587 (2001 census)[93] 120,000 400,000
  United Arab Emirates – – 50,000 80,000
  United Kingdom 63,193 (2011 census) 150,000 300,000
  USA – – 1,000,000 1,000,000
  Uruguay – – 2,000 5,000
  Uzbekistan 16,397 (1989 census)[99] 20,000 30,000
Total 2,868,224 10,985,435 23,717,845

Central and Eastern Europe

edit
 
An 1852 Wallachian poster advertising an auction of Romani slaves

A significant proportion of the world's Romanies live in Central and Eastern Europe. However, in some cases—notably the Kalderash clan in Romania, who work as traditional coppersmiths—they have prospered. Some Romani families choose to immigrate to Western Europe. Many of the former Communist countries like the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria have entered the European Union, and free travel is permitted. During the 1970s and 1980s, many Romanies from former Yugoslavia migrated to other European countries, especially Austria, West Germany and Sweden.

Albania

edit
Main article: Romani people in Albania

Romani people have been living in Albania for more than 600 years.[119] They arrived from Asia shortly before the Ottoman Turks in the middle of the fifteenth century. They started from India, traveled towards the direction of Persia, Syria, Iraq and through Armenia into the Western Byzantine territories, then through the Balkans into Europe. 1,300-120,000 Roma are estimated to live in Albania.[120]

Austria

edit
Main article: Romani people in Austria

Belarus

edit
Main article: Romani people in Belarus

Bulgaria

edit
Main article: Roma in Bulgaria

Romani people constitute the third largest ethnic group (after Bulgarians and Turks) in Bulgaria, they are referred to as "цигани" (cigani) or "роми" (romi). According to the 2001 census, there were 370,908 Roma in Bulgaria, equivalent to 4.7% of the country's total population.[121]

Greece

edit
Main article: Roma in Greece

The Romani people of Greece is currently estimated to be between 200,000 and 350,000 people.[46]

Czech Republic

edit
Main article: Romani people in the Czech Republic

Crete

edit

Since 1323 the Romani people are mentioned in Crete. Majority settlement are in Nea Alikarnassos,[122][123]

Hungary

edit
Main article: Roma in Hungary
 
Gypsies at Balatonlelle by Béla Iványi-Grünwald, 1935

In the 2011 census, 315,583 people called themselves Roma.[124] Various estimations put the number of Roma people to be between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people, or 8–10% of Hungary's population.[125][126]

Romania

edit
Main article: Roma in Romania
 
An engraving depicting a group of Romani people in Bucharest, Romania, 1865

There is a sizable Romani minority in Romania, known as Ţigani in Romanian and, recently, as Rromi, of 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population (2011 census), although the Council of Europe estimates the figure to be 1.85 million people or 8.32% of the population.[127] There exist a variety of governmental and non-governmental programs for integration and social advancement, including the Foundation Policy Center for Roma and Minorities, the National Agency for the Roma and Romania's participation in the Decade of Roma Inclusion. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Spain participate in these programs. As an officially recognized ethnic minority, the Romani people also have guaranteed representation in Parliament.

Moldova

edit
Main article: Romani people in Moldova

A big roma community of east-orthodox Christian faith, are the Basketmakers in Glodeni, their ancestors once came from Serbia, settled in Glodeni at the time of the Teleki Dynasty.[128]

Russia

edit
Main articles: Ruska Roma and Romani people in Russia
 
A Romani family travelling (1837 print)
 
Romani people from Ivanovo Oblast

In Russian the Romani people are referred to as tzigane. The largest ethnic group of Romani people in Russia are the Ruska Roma (also known as Xaladytka Roma). They are also the largest group in Belarus. They are adherents of the Russian Orthodox faith.

They came to Russia in the 18th century from Poland, and their language includes Polish, German, and Russian words.

The Ruska Roma were nomadic horse traders and singers. They traveled during the summer and stayed in cottages of Russian peasants during the winter. They paid for their lodging with money, or with the work of their horses.

In 1812, when Napoleon I invaded Russia, the Romani diasporas of Moscow and Saint Petersburg gave large sums of money and good horses for the Russian army. Many young Romani men took part in the war as uhlans.

At the end of the 19th century, Rusko Rom Nikolai Shishkin created a Romani theatre troupe. One of its plays was in the Romani language.

During World War II some Ruska Roma entered the army, by call-up and as volunteers. They took part in the war as soldiers, officers, infantrymen, tankmen, artillerymen, aviators, drivers, paramedical workers, and doctors. Some teenagers, old men and adult men were also partisans. Romani actors, singers, musicians, dancers (mostly women) performed for soldiers in the front line and in hospitals. A huge number of Roma, including many of the Ruska Roma, died or were murdered in territories occupied by the enemy, in battles, and in the blockade of Leningrad.

After World War II, the music of the Ruska Roma became very popular. Romen Theatre, Romani singers and ensembles prospered. All Romanies living in the USSR began to perceive Ruska Roma culture as the basic Romani culture.

Slovenia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Slovenia

It is estimated that between 10,000 and 12,000 Romani people live in Slovenia.[129]

Kosovo

edit
Main article: Romani people in Kosovo

Kosovan Roma speak either Serbian or Romani as their first language. Most Kosovan Roma are Christian Orthodox, but some practice Islam. 2010 OSCE estimates suggested that there were approximately 34,000 Roma living in Kosovo.[130]

Germany

edit
Main article: Romani people in Germany

Roma in Germany are estimated to around 170,000-300,000 individuals, constituting around 0.2-0.4% of the German population.

Czech Republic

edit
Main article: Romani people in the Czech Republic

There are estimated to be around 262,000 Romani people in the Czech Republic, constituting around 2.4% of the total population of the Czech Republic.[131]

Poland

edit
 
Gypsy by Polish painter Kazimierz Alchimowicz, 1870s
Main article: Romani people in Poland

In 2011, 17,049 citizens of Poland identified themselves as Roma. The number of Roma in Poland is estimated to be between 25,000 and 30,000.[132]

Serbia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Serbia

Slovakia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Slovakia

There are estimated to be approximately 400,000 Romani people in Slovakia, constituting around 8% of the total population of Slovakia.[133]

Slovenia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Slovenia

Ukraine

edit
Main article: Romani people in Ukraine

Bosnia and Herzegovina

edit
Main article: Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Croatia

In the 2021 Croatian Census, 17,980 citizens of Croatia identified themselves as Roma, constituting 0.46% of the total population of Croatia.[134]

Montenegro

edit
Main article: Romani people in Montenegro

North Macedonia

edit
Main article: Romani people in North Macedonia

Switzerland

edit
Main article: Romani people in Switzerland

Around 80,000 to 100,000 Roma live in Switzerland.[135]

Western Europe

edit

Belgium

edit
Main article: Romani people in Belgium

There are about 30,000 Roma in Belgium. Romani citizens of Belgium are generally described as Roms, Manouches or Sinti, while others may use additional names.[136]

 
Gypsy Camp by Jan van de Venne, depicting a 17th century Romani encampment in what is now Belgium

Spain

edit
Main articles: Romani people in Spain and Cascarots
 
Spanish Romani woman
 
A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar by Alfred Dehodencq, (1851)

Romanies in Spain are generally known as Gitanos and tend to speak Caló, a kind of Andalusian Spanish with a large number of Romani loanwords.[137] Estimates of the Spanish Gitano population range between 600,000 and 1,500,000 with the Spanish government estimating between 650,000 and 700,000.[138] Semi-nomadic Quinqui consider themselves apart from the Gitanos.

Portugal

edit
Main article: Romani people in Portugal

The Romanies in Portugal are known as Ciganos, and their presence goes back to the second half of the 15th century. Early on, due to their socio-cultural difference and nomadic style of live, the Ciganos were the object of fierce discrimination and persecution.[139]

The number of Ciganos in Portugal is difficult to estimate, since there are no official statistics about race or ethnic categories. According to data from Council of Europe's European Commission against Racism and Intolerance[140] there are about 40,000 to 50,000 spread all over the country.[141] According to the Portuguese branch of Amnesty International, there are about 30,000 to 50,000.[142]

France

edit
 
Fortune teller in the Romani shrine of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.
Main article: Romani people in France

Romanies are generally known in spoken French as Manouches or Tsiganes. Romanichels or Gitans are considered pejorative and Bohémiens is outdated. Traditionally referred to as gens du voyage ("traveling people"), a term still occasionally used by the media, they are today generally referred to as Roms or Rroms.[143] By law, French municipalities over 5,000 inhabitants have the obligation to allocate a piece of land to Romani travellers when they arrive.[144]

Approximately 500,000 Roma live in France as part of established communities. Additionally, the French Roma rights group FNASAT reports that there are at least 12,000 Roma, primarily from Romania and Bulgaria, living in illegal urban camps throughout the country. French authorities often close down these encampments. In 2009, the government returned more than 10,000 Roma illegal immigrants to Romania and Bulgaria.[145] In the summer of 2012, with mounting criticism of their deportation of Roma migrants, French key ministers met for emergency talks on the handling of an estimated 15,000 Roma living in camps across France. They proposed to lift restrictions on migrants (including Roma) from Bulgaria and Romania who were working in France.[146]

Italy

edit
Main article: Romani people in Italy

Romani in Italy are generally known as zingaro (with the plural zingari), a word also used to describe a scruffy or slovenly person or a tinker. The word is likely of Greek origin meaning "untouchables", compare the modern Greek designations Τσιγγάνοι (Tsingánoi), Αθίγγανοι (Athínganoi). People often use the term "Rom", although the people prefer Romani (in Italian Romanì), which is little used. They are sometimes called "nomads", although many live in settled communities.

Netherlands

edit
Main article: Romani people in the Netherlands

Approximately 37,500 Roma people reside in the Netherlands (0.24% of the Dutch population).[147]

Luxembourg

edit

Approximately 300 Romanies live in Luxembourg (0.06% of the population).[148]

Northern Europe

edit

Romani subgroups in Northern Europe include:

  1. Romanichal in England (As well as North East Wales, South Wales and the Scottish Borders), with diaspora communities in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
  2. Romanisæl in Central Norway and Sweden.
  3. Scottish Lowland Roma in Lowland Scotland.
  4. Welsh Kale in the Welsh-speaking parts of Northwestern Wales.
  5. Finnish Kale in Finland and parts of Sweden.

Roma who have resided in Northern Europe for centuries have much European ancestry and thus may appear indistinguishable to the indigenous peoples of the region. This is due to their ancestors mixing heavily with indigenous Traveller groups (the Romani in Britain mixed with Irish Travellers, Scottish Highland Travellers and Funfair Travellers while Romani in Scandinavia mixed with Indigenous Norwegian Travellers) and even non-Travellers over the centuries.

It is also a reason why these groups speak mixed languages rather than more purer forms of Romani:

  • Romanichal speak Angloromani (a mix of English and Romani).
  • Romanisæl speak Scandoromani (a mix of Norwegian, Swedish and Romani).
  • Scottish Lowland Roma speak Scottish Cant (a mix of Scots and Romani).
  • Welsh Kale speak Kalá (a mix of Welsh, English and Romani).
  • Finnish Kale speak Kalo (a mix of Finnish and Romani).

Denmark

edit
Main article: Romani people in Denmark

The Council of Europe estimates that there are around 5,500 Romanies living in Denmark (0.1% of the population).[149]

Estonia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Estonia

The Roma population in Estonia is small. The official number of Roma people in Estonia is 584 with the average estimate of 1,250 and the percentage of Estonian Roma in the total population is 0.1% The oldest data on Roma in Estonia date back to the year 1533.[150]

Iceland

edit

Romani families from Romania, Bulgarian and Poland have been living and working in Iceland as part of the East European labour migrant communities.[151]

United Kingdom

edit
Main article: Romani people in the United Kingdom
 
A Romani family in Gwynedd, Wales, 1951

Romani people in England, Scotland and Wales generally call themselves “Gypsies”, “Romany Gypsies” or “Romanies”.

Romanichal are found in England (As well as South Wales, Northeast Wales and the Scottish Borders), and they speak Angloromani.

Welsh Kale are Welsh Romani, they are found in the Welsh-speaking parts of Northwestern Wales, and they speak Welsh Kalá.

Scottish Lowland Roma are Romani people found in the Scottish Lowlands. They speak Scottish Cant.

Romani have been recorded in the UK since at least the early 16th century. Records of Romani people in Scotland date to the early 16th century.

Many Romanichal emigrated to the British colonies and to the United States during the centuries. Romani number around 300,000 in the UK. This includes the sizable population of Eastern European Roma, who immigrated into the UK in the late 1990s/early 2000s, and also after EU expansion in 2004.

The first recorded reference to "the Egyptians" appeared to be in 1492, during the reign of James IV, when an entry in the Book of the Lord High Treasurer records a payment "to Peter Ker of four shillings, to go to the king at Hunthall, to get letters subscribed to the 'King of Rowmais'". Two days after, a payment of twenty pounds was made at the king's command to the messenger of the 'King of Rowmais'.[152]

According to the Scottish Traveller Education Programme, an estimated 20,000 Scottish Gypsies/Travellers live in Scotland.[153] this includes Scottish Lowland Romani Travellers, Indigenous Scottish Lowland Travellers, Irish Travellers, Funfair Travellers (Showman) as well as Eastern European Roma.

In some parts of the UK, the Romani may be referred to as "tinkers" because of their traditional trade as tinsmiths.

Irish Travellers, Scottish Highland Travellers, Funfair Travellers (Showman) are non-Romani Travelling groups found in the United Kingdom.

Ireland

edit
Main article: Romani people in Ireland

Finland

edit
Main articles: Finnish Kale and Romani people in Finland
 
Three Romani women in Helsinki, Finland, 1930s

The Kale (or Kaale) Romani of Finland are known in Finnish as mustalaiset ('blacks', cf. Romani: kalò, 'black') or romanit. Approximately 10,000 Romani live in Finland, mostly in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.[154] In Finland, many Romani people wear their traditional dress in daily life.[155] Finnish Kale speak Finnish Kalo.

Norway and Sweden

edit
Main articles: Norwegian and Swedish Travellers, Romani people in Norway, and Romani people in Sweden

Romanisæl in Sweden are the Romani group of Norway and Sweden. They speak Scandoromani.

Recently the term romer has been adopted as a collective designation which encompasses Romanisæl and Eastern European Roma migrant communities, with Resande (meaning “travellers” or “those who travel”) referring to Romanisæl only.

Approximately 120,000 Romani live in Sweden,[156] including 65,000~ Romanisæl, the Norwegian and Swedish Romani group, 3,000~ Finnish Kale, the Finnish Romani group who immigrated in the 1960s,[157] and 50,000~ Eastern European Roma, who have only started to immigrate to Sweden (as well as Norway, Finland and Britain) in recent years.

Romanisæl in Sweden have periodically suffered discrimination at the hands of the state. For example, the state has taken children into foster care, or sterilised Romani women without their consent. Prejudice against Romanies is widespread, with most stereotypes portraying the Romani as welfare cheats, shoplifters, and con artists. For example, in 1992, Bert Karlsson, a leader of Ny Demokrati, said, "Gypsies are responsible for 90% of crime against senior citizens" in Sweden.[158] He had earlier tried to ban Romani from his Skara Sommarland theme park, as he thought they were thieves. Some shopkeepers, employers and landlords continue to discriminate against Romani.[159]

The situation is improving. Several Romani organisations promote education about Romani rights and culture in Sweden. Since 2000, Romani chib is an officially recognised minority language in Sweden. The Swedish government has established a special standing Delegation for Romani Issues. A Romani folk high school has been founded in Gothenburg.[160]

Latvia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Latvia

The Roma are one of Latvia's oldest ethnic minorities. According to the Office for Citizenship and Migration Affairs there were 7,456 Roma living in Latvia as of 1 January 2017, comprising 0.3% of the total population.[161]

Lithuania

edit
Main article: Romani people in Lithuania

According to The Department of Statistics under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, in 2011 general population and housing census data shows that 2,115 Roma lived in Lithuania. The Roma are concentrated in Vilnius, Kaunas, Šiauliai, Panevėžys and Šalčininkai in Lithuania. Kirtimai is the largest Romani settlement in Vilnius.[162]

Central Asia

edit
See also: Lyuli

There is a small Roma community in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.[163][164]

West Asia

edit

One route taken by the medieval proto-Romani cut across Indian Subcontinent to Roman Egypt and Asia Minor to Europe. Numerous Romani continue to live in Asia Minor.[165] Other Romani populations in the Middle East are the result of modern migrations from Europe. Also found in the Middle East are various groups of the Dom people, often identified as "gypsies." They are derived from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier.[2][3]

Armenia

edit
Main article: Lom people

There is a Lom community in Armenia. They speak Lomavren.[166]

Azerbaijan

edit
Main article: Garachi

Georgia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Georgia (country)

Approximately 1,500 Roma are registered in Georgia. They primarily live in Tbilisi and Gachiani.[167]

Cyprus

edit
Main article: Romani people in Cyprus

History

edit

Historians estimate that the first immigrants came between 1322 and 1400, when Cyprus was under the rule of the Lusignan (Crusader) kings. These Roma were part of a general movement from Asia Minor to Europe. Those who landed on Cyprus probably came across from the Crusader colonies on the eastern Mediterranean coast.[168]

There is no evidence suggesting one cause for the Roma to leave mainland Asia, but historical events caused widespread upheaval and may have prompted a move to the island. In 1347 the Black Death had reached Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire; in 1390 the Turks defeated the Greek kingdom in Asia; and ten years later, the Battle of Aleppo marked the advance of the Mongols under Tamerlane.

The first surviving written record of Roma in Cyprus is from 1468. In the Chronicle of Cyprus compiled by Florio Bustron, the Cingani are said to have paid tax to the royal treasury, at that time under King James II. Later, in 1549, the French traveler Andre Theret found "les Egyptiens ou Bohemiens" in Cyprus and other Mediterranean islands. He noted their simple way of life, supported by the production of nails by the men and belts by the women, which they sold to the local population.

During the Middle Ages, Cyprus was on a regular shipping route from Bari, Italy to the Holy Land. Second immigration likely took place sometime after the Turks dominated the island in 1571. Some Kalderash came in the 19th century.

Currently, Muslim Roma in Cyprus refer to themselves as Gurbeti, and their language as Kurbetcha, although most no longer speak it. Christian or Greek-speaking Roma are known as Mantides.[169]

According to the Council of Europe there are 1000–1500 (0.16%) Romanis living in Cyprus .[170]

Names of Roma in Cyprus

edit
  • Tsinganos: the official term used in Greek documents and written material. It comes from the term Cingani (used in the 1468 text), which in turn comes from the archaic word Adsincan, used in mediaeval Byzantium.
  • Yiftos: the Cypriot dialect form of mainland Greek Yiftos. This is common in speech and comes from earlier Aigiptos, a reference to the earlier belief that the Romanies came from Egypt.[168]
  • Gurbeti: the local term used by Turkish-speaking Cypriots, a Roma group of Doms which is also present in Syria.[171]

(For additional names of Roma in Greek-speaking Cyprus, see Roma in Greece)

Iran

edit
Main articles: Persian Romani, Zargari tribe, and Romani people in Iran

There is a gypsy community in Persia.[172]

Israel

edit
Main articles: Doms in Israel, Romanian Jews in Israel, and Jewish–Romani relations

A community anciently related to the Romani are the Dom people. Some live in Israel, the Palestinian territories and in neighboring countries.[173]

Jordan

edit
Main article: Doms in Jordan

70,000 Doms live in Jordan.[174]

Lebanon

edit
Main article: Doms in Lebanon

It is estimated that there are 8,000 Romanis or Domaris in Lebanon.[175] The language of Romanis is called Domari in Lebanon and neighboring countries.[176] There is evidence that child labor was prevalent in Romani communities in Lebanon.[177]

Turkey

edit
Main article: Romani people in Turkey
 
Romani people at a Kakava celebration in Edirne, 2015

Romani people in Turkey are generally known as Romanlar, Çingene, Çingen, or Çingan, as well as Çingit (West Black Sea region), Kıptî (meaning Coptic), Şopar (Kırklareli), Romanlar (İzmir)[178] and Gipleri (derived from the term "Egyptian"). Since the late twentieth century, some have started to recognize and cherish their Romani background as well.[179] Music, blacksmithing and other handicrafts are their main occupations.

South Asia

edit

Afghanistan

edit

There is a Jogi community in Afghanistan.[180]

Pakistan

edit

There is a Romani community in Pakistan.[181]

East Asia

edit

China

edit

Roma came to China via Persia.[182] There was a Romani community in Shanghai in the late 1930s.[183]

North America

edit

Most Romani people in the Americas speak English, French, Spanish or Portuguese.[184]

United States

edit
Main article: Roma in the United States
 
Romani men in the United States, 1900

At the beginning of the 19th century, the first major Romani group, the Romanichal from Great Britain, arrived in North America, although some had also immigrated during the colonial era. They settled primarily in the United States, which was then more established than most English-speaking communities in Upper Canada. Later immigrants also settled in Canada.

The ancestors of the majority of the contemporary local Romani population in the United States, who are Eastern European Roma, started to immigrate during the second half of the century, drawn by opportunities for industrial jobs. Among these groups were the Romani-speaking peoples such as the Kalderash, Machvaya, Lovari and Churari, as well as groups who had adopted the Romanian language, such as the Boyash (Ludari). Most arrived either directly from Romania after their liberation from slavery between 1840 and 1850, or after a short-period in neighboring states, such as Russia, Austria-Hungary, or Serbia. The Bashalde arrived from what is now Slovakia (then Austria-Hungary) about the same time. Many settled in the major industrial cities of the era.[185]

Immigration from Eastern Europe decreased drastically in the post-World War II era, during the years of Communist rule. It resumed in the 1990s after the fall of Communism. Romani organizations estimate that there are about one million Romani in the United States.[186]

Cuba

edit

An Afro-Romani population exists in central Cuba.[187]

Barbados

edit

England banished the Roma to Barbados during the colonial era. According to folklore, the Romani population intermarried with the local indigenous people.[188]

Canada

edit
Main article: Romani people in Canada

According to the 2006 Canadian census, there were 2,590 Canadians of full or partial Romani descent.[189]

Mexico

edit
Main article: Romani people in Mexico

According to data collected by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, the Romani in Mexico numbered 15,850,[190] however, the total number is likely larger.[190]

Caribbean

edit

During the early modern era, Romani slaves were transported to European colonies in the Caribbean from the 15th to 18th centuries. The first Romani slaves to arrive in the Caribbean came as part of the third voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1498. In 1793, writer John Moreton noted in his work West India Customs and Manners that many Romani in Jamaica worked as prostitutes.[191]

South America

edit

Argentina

edit
Main article: Romani people in Argentina

The Romani people in Argentina number more than 300,000. They traditionally support themselves by trading used cars and selling their jewelry, while travelling all over the country.[192]

Brazil

edit
Main article: Romani people in Brazil

Romani groups settled the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais primarily in the late 19th century. The Machvaya came from present-day Serbia (then Austria-Hungary), the Kalderash from Romania, the Lovari from Italy, and the Horahane from Greece and Turkey.[193] Initially, the Romani in Brazil were believed to be descended from ancestors who were exiled in the colony by the Portuguese Inquisition but more has been learned about the peoples. The current population of ethnic Romani is estimated at 600,000. Most are descended from ethnic Kalderash, Macwaia, Rudari, Horahane, and Lovara.

Chile

edit

A sizeable population of Romani people live in Chile. As they continue their traditions and language, they are a distinct minority who are widely recognized. Many continue semi-nomadic lifestyles, travelling from city to city and living in small tented communities. A Chilean telenovela called Romane was based on the Romani. It portrayed their lifestyles, ideas and occasionally featured the Chilean-born actors speaking in the Romani language, with subtitles in Spanish.

Colombia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Colombia

The first Romani in Colombia are thought to have come from Spain and were formerly known as Egipcios settling primarily in the Departments of Santander, Norte de Santander, Atlántico, Tolima, Antioquia, Sucre, Bogotá D.C. and in smaller numbers in the Departments of Bolívar, Nariño and Valle del Cauca.[194]

In 1999, the Colombian Government recognized the Romani people as a national ethnic minority, and today, around 8,000 Roma are present in Colombia. Their language has been officially recognized as a minority language.[195]

Ecuador

edit

Romani people have been in Ecuador since the late 1800s and early 1900s. Ecuadorian Roma live in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Cotopaxi, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, El Oro, Manab and El Guayas. It is estimated that there are 1,000 Roma in Ecuador.[196]

Peru

edit

There is a Romani community in Lima.[197]

Venezuela

edit

There is a significant Romani population in Venezuela[198] with most being of the Cale vitsa. Most came in migration from Spain, Portugal, or France due to persecution. With them, they brought flamenco and the Caló language and opened schools of dance in Maracaibo, Caracas, and Valencia. A large amount of Judeo-Kale also came to Venezuela, some during the Spanish inquisition, others fleeing from Anti-Roma laws in Spain. A population of around 5,000 Kalderash and Boyash Roma live in Venezuela as well.

Uruguay

edit
Main article: Romani people in Uruguay

Africa

edit

Angola

edit

In spite of a ban introduced in 1720, a number of Romani families arrived in the country during the time when Angola was a Portuguese colony. It is unlikely the community survived to the present day.[199]

South Africa

edit

A small number of Kalderash live in South Africa.[199]

Egypt

edit
Main article: Doms in Egypt

Algeria

edit
Main article: Romani people in Algeria

Cape Verde

edit

Portuguese Roma were banished to Cape Verde.[200]

Tunisia

edit
Main article: Doms in Tunisia

Libya

edit
Main article: Doms in Libya

São Tomé and Príncipe

edit

Portuguese Roma were exiled to São Tomé and Príncipe.[201]

Sudan

edit
Main article: Doms in Sudan

Oceania

edit

Australia

edit
Main article: Romani people in Australia

There is a small Romani population in Australia.[202]

New Zealand

edit

A small Romani community exists in New Zealand. There are an estimated 1,500–3,000 Roma individuals in New Zealand.[203][204]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Council of Europe website". European Roma and Travellers Forum (ERTF). 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007.
  2. ^ a b Mendizabal, Isabel (2012). "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–2349. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.2342M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. hdl:10230/25348. PMID 23219723.
  3. ^ a b "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India", The New York Times, 10 December 2012. Findings recently reported also in Current Biology.
  4. ^ Popov, Shakir M. (2023). Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kovacheva, Lilyana (eds.). "History of the Gypsies in Bulgaria and Europe: Roma". University of St. Andrews. pp. 8–10.
  5. ^ "Introduction to Roma Culture" (PDF). USAID. 2007. p. 6.
  6. ^ Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (2nd ed.). Scarecrow. p. xxxvii. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5.
  7. ^ Quote: "Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million."
  8. ^ Mission To Earth. p. 244.
  9. ^ Sunal, Cynthia S.; Mutua, Kagendo (1 July 2013). Research on the Influences of Educational Policy on Teaching and Learning. IAP. ISBN 9781623962524 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ The Lion and the Unicorn - Volumes 11-12. 1987. p. 48.
  11. ^ 3.8 million according to Pan and Pfeil, National Minorities in Europe (2004), ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1, p. 27f.; 9.1 million in the high estimate of Liégois, Jean-Pierre (2007). Roms en Europe, Éditions du Conseil de l'Europe.
  12. ^ Roma Travellers Statistics at the Wayback Machine (archived 6 October 2009), Council of Europe, compilation of population estimates. Archived from the original, 6 October 2009.
  13. ^ "European effort spotlights plight of the Roma", USA Today, 1 February 2005
  14. ^ Chiriac, Marian (29 September 2004). "It Now Suits the EU to Help the Roma". Other-News.info. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
  15. ^ Hancock, Ian, 2001, Ame sam e rromane džene / We are the Romani People, The Open Society Institute, New York, page 2
  16. ^ Matras, Yaron, Romani: A linguistic introduction, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 5
  17. ^ "Names of the Romani People". Desicritics.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  18. ^ N. Bessonov, N. Demeter "Ethnic groups of Gypsies" Archived 29 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Zigane website, Russia
  19. ^ "It Now Suits the EU to Help the Roma". Other-news.info. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Afghanistan's forgotten gypsies seek legal recognition". The Express Tribune. 8 March 2018.
  21. ^ a b "Roma in Albania".
  22. ^ Sheet1 - https://rm. coe. int - The Council of Europe
  23. ^ a b "Angloromani". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jean-Pierre Liégeois, Roma, Tsiganes, Voyageurs, p.34, Conseil de l'Europe, 1994
  25. ^ Mikel, Hubert (1 May 2008). "Das Österreichische Volksgruppenzentrum". Europäisches Journal für Minderheitenfragen. 1 (2): 131–133. doi:10.1007/s12241-008-0015-y. S2CID 147572312.
  26. ^ (in Russian) Our Roma Neighbours Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Kamal Ali. Echo. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2007
  27. ^ Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (13 October 2016). GYPSIES IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS. Springer. ISBN 9783319410562. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  28. ^ "POPULATION CENSUS' 1999". Belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  29. ^ "From 50,000 to 60,000 Gypsies currently live in Belarus, mostly in the provinces of Homel (Gomel) and Mahilau (Mogilyov), and especially in the towns and cities of Bobruisk, Zhlobin, Gomel, Kalinkovichi, Zhitkovichi, Mogilyov, Vitebsk, Minsk, and Turov". Archived from the original on 22 April 2001. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  30. ^ 2013 census
  31. ^ Council of Europe's average estimate
  32. ^ According to the last official census in 2001, 370,908 Bulgarian citizens define their identity as Roma (official results here). 313,000 self-declared in the 1992 census (Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov, The Gypsies of Bulgaria: Problems of the Multicultural Museum Exhibition (1995), cited in "Patrin Web Journal". Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)). According to Marushiakova and Popov, "The Roma in Bulgaria", Sofia, 1993, the people who declared Romani identity in 1956 were about 194,000; in 1959—214,167; in 1976—373,200; because of the obvious and significant difference between the number of Bulgarian citizens with Romani self-identification and this of the large total population with physical appearance and cultural particularity similar to Romanies in 1980, the authorities took special census of all people, defined as Roma through the opinions of the neighboring population, observations of their way of life, cultural specificity, etc.—523,519; in the 1989 the authorities counted 576,927 people as Roma, but noted that more than a half of them preferred and declared Turkish identity (pages 92–93). According to the rough personal assumption of Marushiakova and Popov, the total number of all people with Romani ethnic identity plus all people of Romani origin with different ethnic self-identification around 1993 was about 800,000 (pages 94–95). Similar supposition Marushiakova and Popov made in 1995: estimate 750,000 ±50,000. Some international sources mention the estimates of some unnamed experts, who suggest 700,000–800,000 or higher than figures in the official census, UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe). These mass non-Romani ethnic partialities are confirmed in the light of the last census in 2001—more than 300,000 Bulgarian citizens of Romani origin traditionally declare their ethnic identity as Turkish or Bulgarian. Other statistics: 450,000 estimated in 1990 (U.S. Library of Congress study); at least 553,466 cited in a confidential census by the Ministry of the Interior in 1992 (cf Marushiakova and Popov 1995).
  33. ^ Lee, Ronald (October 1998). "RCAC fact sheet 8 ROMA IN CANADA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
  34. ^ a b "Romani, Vlax". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  35. ^ a b "La visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos colombianos" (PDF). Dane.gov.co. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  36. ^ Central Bureau of Statistics of Republic of Croatia. "Census 2001, Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities".
  37. ^ "Roma in the Balkan context" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
  38. ^ "Roma integration in Cyprus". 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  39. ^ "ENUMERATED PERMANENT RESIDENTS BY ETHNIC NATIONALITY AND SEX, 31 DECEMBER 2011". pub.stat.ee. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  40. ^ "National Minorities of Finland, The Roma – Virtual Finland". Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) – 2008 – archived at Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Edu.fi – Opettajan verkkopalvelu". Edu.fi. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  42. ^ "Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions - report". Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  43. ^ "Full Report by the European Roma Rights Centre" (PDF). Errc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  44. ^ "Germany". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  45. ^ "Ethnic Groups of Georgia: Censuses 1926 – 2002" (PDF). Ecmicaucasas.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  46. ^ a b 200,000, according to the Greek government ("THE STATE OF ROMA IN GREECE". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.); 300,000 to 350,000 according to the IHF monitor for Greece ("THE STATE OF ROMA IN GREECE". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.).
  47. ^ "Központi Statisztikai Hivatal". Nepszamlalas.hu. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  48. ^ "Hablicsek László: A magyarországi cigányság demográfiája" (PDF). Romaweb.hu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  49. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (6 February 2008). "Roma – Hungary – Art". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  50. ^ Woodard, Colin (13 February 2008). "Hungary's anti-Roma militia grows". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  51. ^ "GYPSY i. Gypsies of Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica. 12 December 2002.
  52. ^ "Roma in Iraq". 16 October 2023.
  53. ^ "Report in Roma Educational Needs in Ireland" (PDF). Paveepoint.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  54. ^ "The Times & The Sunday Times". The Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  55. ^ Roufan Nahhas (2 October 2015). "Jordan's neglected gypsies". The Arab Weekly. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  56. ^ "INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS IN KOSOVO FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RAE COMMUNITIES". Kas.de.
  57. ^ "Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde – Kļūda 404" (PDF). Pmlp.gov.lv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  58. ^ Estimated by the Soros foundation
  59. ^ "2002 census: UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe" (PDF). Romnews.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  60. ^ "Como Entender el Concepto de Segmento de Mercado". Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  61. ^ "Teamromany – Roma in Moldova". Teamromany.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  62. ^ a b "Roma and Travellers". Coe.int. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  63. ^ a b c "UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe" (PDF). Europeancis.undp.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  64. ^ "2018 Census ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz.
  65. ^ "Norway". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  66. ^ "RADOC". radoc.net.
  67. ^ "Poland – Gypsies". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  68. ^ "UNHCR – Document Not Found". Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  69. ^ People on the Move—Supp. N°93, Pontifical Council, December 2003, pp. 299–305.
  70. ^ "Portugal – ETHNICITY AND ETHNIC GROUPS". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  71. ^ 2011 census data, based on table 7 Population by ethnicity, gives a total of 621,573 Roma in Romania. This figure is disputed by other sources, because at the local level, many Roma declare a different ethnicity (mostly Romanian, but also Hungarian in Transylvania and Turkish in Dobruja) for fear of discrimination. Many are not recorded at all, since they do not have ID cards [1]. International sources give higher figures than the official census(UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank, International Association for Official Statistics Archived 26 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine).
  72. ^ Public_policies_for_Roma_in_Romania_2000_2005_190 Archived 14 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine: "[...]independent estimates point to numbers varying form 1 million to 2.5 million." Anr.gov.ro
  73. ^ "Beschwichtigungen und Unsicherheiten um Personenfreizügigkeit: Rumänien sieht Ende starker Auswanderung". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 31 March 2008.
  74. ^ "1. НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ". 1 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  75. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Russia: Situation of Gypsies in Russia, their culture and traditional occupations, their clans, the use of Romani language, the average levels of education and employment, and general living conditions (1996-2001)". Refworld.
  76. ^ Centre, ERRC.org – European Roma Rights. "Skinhead violence targeting Roma in Yugoslavia - ERRC.org". Errc.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  77. ^ Umetnost preživljavanja: gde i kako žive Romi u Srbiji. IFDT. 2005. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-86-17-13148-5.
  78. ^ "Slovakia seeks help on Roma issue". CNN. 16 April 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  79. ^ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  80. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  81. ^ "In der Slowakei will sich eine neue Mittelklasse der Roma-Volksgruppe nicht mehr mit den Zuständen abfinden". Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
  82. ^ "Erste Grammatik der slowakischen Roma". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
  83. ^ "Napaka 404". Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
  84. ^ "Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España : Un análisis contrastado de la Encuesta del CIS a Hogares de Población Gitana 2007" (PDF). Msc.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  85. ^ "Spain – The Gypsies". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  86. ^ Estimated by the Society for Threatened Peoples
  87. ^ "Chart : Population" (JPG). Gfbv.it. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  88. ^ "romer – Uppslagsverk – NE". Ne.se. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  89. ^ "Invisible and Forgotten: Syrian Domari Refugees in Turkey".
  90. ^ "Natives of India. Who Are Tajik Gypsies?". 5 March 2019.
  91. ^ "Bu düzenlemeyle ortaya çıkan tabloda Türkiye'de yetişkinlerin (18 yaş ve üstündekilerin) etnik kimliklerin dağılımı ... % 0,05 Roman ... şeklindedir" (PDF). Konda.com.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  92. ^ "AB ülkeleriyle ortak bir noktamız daha ÇİNGENELER". Hürriyet. 8 May 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  93. ^ a b "The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue UKRAINE". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
  94. ^ Січ, Нова. "Нова Січ – Новини – Історія українських циган". Novasich.org.ua. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  95. ^ Helbing Adriana, Ukraine: Performing Politics, 28 February 2006
  96. ^ Yaron Matras. "Romani in the UK" (PDF). Wayback.archive-it.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  97. ^ "UK Roma population one of biggest in Europe". Channel 4. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  98. ^ "Ethnic composition of Abkhazia 2011". pop-stat.mashke.org.
  99. ^ a b c d e f g "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru.
  100. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru.
  101. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  102. ^ "Общая численность населения, численность населения по возрасту и полу, состоянию в браке, уровню образования, национальностям, языку, источникам средств к существованию по Республике Беларусь" (PDF). Belstat.gov.by. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  103. ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina : ETHNICITY/NATIONAL AFFILIATION, RELIGION AND MOTHER TONGUE" (PDF). Popis.gov.ba. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  104. ^ "ПРЕБРОЯВАНЕ 2011 - ОСНОВНИ РЕЗУЛТАТИ" (PDF). Nsi.bg. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  105. ^ "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". 12.statcan.gc.ca. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  106. ^ "Mikrocenzus 2016" (PDF). Ksh.hu. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  107. ^ "6. Ethnicity and Irish Travellers" (PDF). Cso.ie. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  108. ^ a b "Censimento: quanti sono i ROM in Italia". Nextquotidiano.it. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  109. ^ "CARACTERISTICI ETNO-LINGVISTICE" (PDF). Statistica.gov.md. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  110. ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011" (PDF). Monstat.org. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  111. ^ "Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци" (PDF). Stat.gov.mk. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  112. ^ "Ethnic composition of Poland". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  113. ^ "PRESS RELEASE : February 2, 2012 on the provisional results of the 2011 Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Insse.ro. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  114. ^ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији" (PDF). Publikacije.stat.gov.rs. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  115. ^ "Population statistics". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  116. ^ "Statistični urad RS - Popis 2002". Stat.si. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  117. ^ "Ethnic composition of Ossetia 2015". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  118. ^ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  119. ^ De Soto, Hermine; Gedeshi, Ilir (7 May 2002). "Dimensions of Romani Poverty in Albania". European Roma Rights Centre. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  120. ^ "Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE) : Roma of Albania" (PDF). Cadmus.eui.eu. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  121. ^ "Population as of 1 March 2001 divided by provinces and ethnic group" (in Bulgarian). National Statistical Institute. 2001. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  122. ^ Hassan, Shahid (1 April 2006). "Gypsies of Crete through a foreigner's eyes - Crete Gazette". www.cretegazette.com.
  123. ^ "The Roma or Gypsies of Crete - Crete Gazette". www.cretegazette.com. 1 January 2006.
  124. ^ "Népszámlálás 2011" (PDF). Ksh.hu. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  125. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (6 February 2008). "In Hungary, Roma Get Art Show, Not a Hug". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  126. ^ Keay, Justin (21 September 2001). "Q & A / Peter Gottfried, secretary for integration : Hungary Vows to Meet EU Criteria by 2003". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  127. ^ "Romania". European Commission. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  128. ^ "GYPSY BASKET-MAKERS / DANCERS of GLODENI". tzigania.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  129. ^ "Slovenia: ECHR judgment is a blow to Roma communities". Amnesty International. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  130. ^ "Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians". Minorityrights.org. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  131. ^ "Roma in Czechia". romacivilmonitoring.eu. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  132. ^ "Roma in Poland". romacivilmonitoring.eu. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  133. ^ "Roma in Slovakia". romacivilmonitoring.eu. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  134. ^ "Roma in Croatia". romacivilmonitoring.eu. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  135. ^ "For the rights of Roma, Sinti and Yenish - Society for Threatened Peoples". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker.
  136. ^ "Belgium Returns to Ethnic Profiling, Raids and Roundups". European Roma Rights Center. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  137. ^ "MY FRIENDS, THE GYPSIES". Xmission.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  138. ^ "Open Society Foundations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  139. ^ Joel Serrão, Ciganos, in Dicionário de História de Portugal, Lisboa, 2006.
  140. ^ "Relatório da Comissão Europeia contra o Racismo e a Intolerância – Segundo Relatório sobre Portugal" (PDF). Gddc.pt (in Portuguese). 2002. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2008.
  141. ^ "Portugal - European Commission".
  142. ^ "Amnistia Internacional alerta para marginalização dos ciganos em Portugal". Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  143. ^ "Rom ou Rrom ?". CaféBabel. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  144. ^ "Loi n° 2000-614 du 5 juillet 2000 relative à l'accueil et à l'habitat des gens du voyage". Legifrance.gouv.fr.
  145. ^ "Q&A: France Roma expulsions". BBC News. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  146. ^ "Roma in Europe: Persecuted and misunderstood". CNN. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  147. ^ "Netherlands | European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  148. ^ "Luxembourg". commission.europa.eu.
  149. ^ "Denmark". European Commission.
  150. ^ "Estonia - Promoting Social Inclusion of Roma - European Commission". Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  151. ^ "Roma are a sort of hidden people in Iceland | University of Iceland". english.hi.is.
  152. ^ "Gypsies in Scotland". The Scottish Gypsies of Scotland. 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  153. ^ "Gypsies and Travellers in Scotland". Scottish Traveller Education Programme. 5 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  154. ^ "Roma minority asks Finns to look beyond the stereotypes". Yle. 8 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  155. ^ "Elämä ja Valo". Elämä ja Valo. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  156. ^ Balksjö, Jessica (8 April 2011). "Romers rätt till skydd följs inte". Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  157. ^ Gyllenbäck, Mirelle (25 July 2007). "Därför klär jag mig inte som min mamma". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  158. ^ Bjurwald, Lisa (1 July 2008). "Vår skuld till romerna". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  159. ^ "Report faults Sweden for discrimination". The Local. 7 November 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  160. ^ "Victoria invigde romsk folkhögskola". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  161. ^ "None". Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  162. ^ "History". Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  163. ^ "Migrations and Identities of Central Asian 'Gypsies'". Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  164. ^ Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (October 2016). Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Springer. ISBN 9783319410579.
  165. ^ Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus.
  166. ^ "PanARMENIAN.Net - Mobile". panarmenian.net.
  167. ^ "Roma Population in Georgia". 8 May 2015.
  168. ^ a b "Dom Research Center – Reprint Series – Gypsies in Cyprus". Domresearchcenter.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  169. ^ Trimikliniotis, Nicos, "The Cypriot Roma and the Failure of Education Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine", The Minorities of Cyprus, 2009
  170. ^ "Roma and Travellers". Coe.int. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  171. ^ "Middle East Gypsies". Middleeastgypsies.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  172. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
  173. ^ "Jerusalem's Gypsies: The Community With the Lowest Social Standing in Israel". Haaretz.
  174. ^ "Jordan's scorned gypsies, the Dom, say it's time to demand their rights". The Christian Science Monitor.
  175. ^ "The Gypsies of Lebanon, with estimated number of 8,000 people: By Dr. G. A. Williams". 11 June 2014.
  176. ^ Matras, Yaron. Romani in Contact: The History, Structure and Sociology of a Language John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1 June 1995, page 31.
  177. ^ "LEBANON 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). State.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  178. ^ Özhan Öztürk. Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. İstanbul. 2005. ISBN 975-6121-00-9. p.280-281.
  179. ^ "TÜRKİYE'Lİ ÇİNGENELER" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  180. ^ "Jogi: The forgotten Gypsies of Afghanistan fight for rights". 6 October 2022.
  181. ^ Adnan, A.; Rakha, A.; Lazim, H.; Nazir, S.; Al-Qahtani, W. S.; Abdullah Alwaili, M.; Hadi, S.; Wang, C. C. (2022). "Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective". Genes. 13 (3): 532. doi:10.3390/genes13030532. PMC 8951058. PMID 35328085.
  182. ^ "Legendary gypsies once in China". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  183. ^ French, Paul (July 2013). "Gypsies of Shanghai: the Roma Community of Late 1930s and 1940s Shanghai and their Role in the City's Entertainment Industry". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society - Shanghai. New Series. 2.
  184. ^ Minahan, James B. (14 March 2013). Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781610691642.
  185. ^ ""Gypsies" in the United States". Migrations in History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  186. ^ Kayla Webley, "Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile", Time, 13 October 2010
  187. ^ Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780874368857.
  188. ^ Sway, Marlene (1988). Familiar Strangers: Gypsy Life in America. University of Illinois Press. p. 38. ISBN 9780252015120.
  189. ^ "Population by selected ethnic origins, by province and territory (2006 Census)". statcan.gc.ca. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  190. ^ a b "Gitanos, o como ser invisibles en México" (in Spanish). Inter Press Service. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  191. ^ Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. Vol. 1. ABC-Clio. p. 547. ISBN 978-0874368857.
  192. ^ "Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America". Errc.org.
  193. ^ Atico Vilas-Boas da Mota. "The Gypsies of Brazil". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  194. ^ Ministerio de Cultura (21 February 2014). "Pueblo Rrom o Gitano en Colombia". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  195. ^ "Ley de lenguas nativas" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá: Ministry of Culture of Colombia. 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  196. ^ "Historia del Pueblo Rom en el Ecuador (ASOROM - 12 de febrero de 2005)" (in Spanish).
  197. ^ Carlos Pardo-Figueroa Thays (2013). Gitanos en Lima: historia, cultura e imágenes de los rom, los ludar y los calé peruano (in Spanish).
  198. ^ Matras, Yaron (2015). The Romani Gypsies. Harvard University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780674368385.
  199. ^ a b Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864405 – via Google Books.
  200. ^ "Historia de las gitanas – Skola Feminista Romani". Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  201. ^ Coates, Timothy J. (2001). Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3359-5.
  202. ^ "The Romani diaspora in Australia: 'Lost in… Multiculturalism'". Researchgate.net.
  203. ^ "Stop stealing our identity - say New Zealand Romani campaigners". Travellerstimes.org.uk.
  204. ^ "Gypsy ethnic group". Stats NZ.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romani people by country.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Romani_diaspora&oldid=1264553185"