The Romani people in Canada are citizens of Canada who are of Romani descent. According to the 2021 Canadian census there were 6,545 Canadians who claimed Romani ancestry.[1] They are sometimes referred as "gypsies", but that is considered to be a racial slur.[2][3][4]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 6,545 (by ancestry, 2021 Census)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, Manitoba | |
| Languages | |
| Canadian English, Canadian French, Romani, various Para-Romani languages | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Romani, Roma in the United States, South Asian Canadians |
History
editOrigin
editThe Romani people originate from the Northern India,[5][6][7][8][9][10] presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan[9][10] and Punjab.[9]
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[11]
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[12]
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.[6][7][13] According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of Northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.[14]
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.[15]
Migration to Canada during the 1990s
editWhen Romani refugees were allowed into Canada in 1997, a protest was staged by 25 people, including neo-Nazis, in front of the motel where the refugees were staying. The protesters held signs that said, for examples, "Honk if you hate Gypsies," "Canada is not a Trash Can," and "GST — Gypsies Suck Tax." (The last is a reference to Canada's Goods and Services Tax, also known as GST.) The protesters were charged with promoting hatred, and the case, R. v. Krymowski, reached the Supreme Court of Canada in 2005.[16]
Following the influx of over 3,000 Czech Romani refugees to Canada in 1997 a community center was opened in Toronto, Ontario. The Roma Community Centre is a non-profit organization that is dedicated to providing community support to the Romani people in Canada. The organization was founded in 1997. The centre has also provided assistance to Romani refugees from the former Yugoslavia (Serbia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Slovenia, Kosovo), Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Ukraine, Poland, Portugal, Greece, Ireland, Bulgaria, and other countries with Roma populations. These refugees claimed to be fleeing discrimination and persecution against Romani in Europe. The centre has also denounced pejorative statements about Romani people in the Canadian media[17] and has denounced antisemitism and racism.[18] Canadian government reacted on the influx of Roma population by imposing visa requirements on all Czech citizens in 1997. Ever since then, the Romani asylum seekers' arrival to Canada virtually stopped, since they were not issued visas.[19]
Recent
editStarting in 2008, Romani immigration from Hungary began to increase.[20] That year, Hungary fell into recession, and violence and discrimination against Roma increased.[20] Many Roma in Hungary live in squalor. In 2011, Roma asylum seekers from Hungary numbered 4,400, but most of these claims were either rejected or withdrawn. Immigration Minister Jason Kenney was quoted as saying in 2012 "If they subsequently withdraw their own claim, they’re telling us that in fact they don’t need Canada’s protection, that they’re not victims of persecution, and that’s… a bogus claim. It’s a fake claim."[20]
The government has since pushed to reduce Hungarian Roma immigration. In December 2012, Hungary was added to a list of "Safe Countries", which would make refugee claims harder.[21]
On September 5, 2012, prominent Canadian commentator Ezra Levant broadcast a commentary "The Jew vs. the Gypsies" on The Source in which he accused the Romani people of being a group of criminals saying:
These are gypsies, a culture synonymous with swindlers. The phrase gypsy and cheater have been so interchangeable historically that the word has entered the English language as a verb: he gypped me. Well the gypsies have gypped us. Too many have come here as false refugees. And they come here to gyp us again and rob us blind as they have done in Europe for centuries … They’re gypsies. And one of the central characteristics of that culture is that their chief economy is theft and begging.[22]
In March 2013, Levant apologized for his remarks, stating that "I attacked a particular group, and painted them all with the same brush. And to those I hurt, I'm sorry" and expressed hope that this "will serve as an example of what not to do when commenting on social issues."[23][24][25] The Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC) subsequently ruled, in September 2013, that Levant's broadcast was “in violation of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters’ Code of Ethics and Equitable Portrayal Code,” and that his comments about the Roma were "abusive and unduly discriminatory against an ethnic group, and violated other provisions of the [code] regarding negative portrayal, stereotyping, stigmatization and degradation." The council noted that Levant had already issued two on-air apologies, and as such, he would not be ordered to issue another.[26][27]
Demography
editReligion
edit| Religious group | 2021[28][a] | |
|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | |
| Christianity | 3,505 | 53.51% |
| Irreligion | 2,555 | 39.01% |
| Judaism | 70 | 1.07% |
| Islam | 65 | 0.99% |
| Buddhism | 40 | 0.61% |
| Indigenous spirituality | 35 | 0.53% |
| Other | 270 | 4.12% |
| Total Romani Canadian population | 6,550 | 100% |
Prominent Romani Canadians
edit- Robi Botos – jazz musician[29]
- Ronald Lee – writer
Notes
edit- ^ Religious breakdown proportions based on "Roma" ethnic or cultural origin response on the 2021 census.[28]
References
edit- ^ a b "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, 2021". statcan.gc.ca.
- ^ Randall, Kay. "What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group". Archived from the original on 5 February 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ Pickering (2010). "The Romani" (PDF). Northern Michigan University. p. 1. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
- ^ Bambauer, Nikki (August 2, 2018). "The Plight of the Romani People-Europe's Most Persecuted Minority". JFCS Holocaust Center.
The Romani people are frequently referred to as "gypsies," but many of them consider this exonym a derogatory term.
- ^ Hancock, Ian F. (2005) [2002]. We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–2349. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. hdl:10230/25348. PMID 23219723.
- ^ a b Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India". New York Times.
- ^ Current Biology.
- ^ a b c K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015-09-28). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives. p. 50. ISBN 9780786494705. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ a b Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 9781858286358. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
Roma Rajastan Penjab.
- ^ Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) (PDF), Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, ISBN 978-80-7044-205-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04
- ^ Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury (4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury.
Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
- ^ "5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma". Live Science. 23 October 2013.
- ^ Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations", PLOS ONE, 7 (11): e48477, Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748477R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477, PMC 3509117, PMID 23209554
- ^ "Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?". khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ R. v. Krymowski [2005] 1 S.C.R. 101.
- ^ "Hating the Jew, hating the 'gypsy'". National Post. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ "Roma centre distances itself from anti-Israel protest". Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ VALPY, MICHAEL. "Canada reimposing visa controls to stop Roma asylum-seekers, Czech media say". the globe and mail. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ a b c "Hungarian Roma hope for sanctuary in Canada - World - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ Valentina Jovanovski. "Ottawa's crackdown on Roma refugees has Hungarians seeking asylum elsewhere". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ "Hate crime investigation launched surrounding Ezra Levant's Roma broadcast". J-source (The Canadian Journalism Foundation ). October 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- ^ Ezra Levant issues on-air apology for Roma comments by Matthew Coutts, Daily Brew, March 19, 2013
- ^ Ezra Levant Apologizes For Roma Comments (VIDEO) by Lauren Strapagiel, The Huffington Post Canada, March 18, 2013.
- ^ Collective judgement is a moral mistake Archived 2013-09-19 at the Wayback Machine by Ezra Levant, Sun News, March 18th, 2013.
- ^ "Ezra Levant's 'Gypsies' Comments Condemned By Broadcast Standards Council". Huffington Post. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
- ^ CANADIAN BROADCAST STANDARDS COUNCIL: Sun News Network re The Source (Theft Ring) (CBSC Decision 12/13-0069+) Archived 2013-09-10 at the Wayback Machine Issued September 9, 2013
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-05-10). "Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
- ^ "Paul Wells explains why Canada's policy on Roma refugees hits a flat note". Macleans.ca. 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
External links
edit- "Canadian Romani Alliance".
- "Roma Community Centre". Romatoronto.org. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- Opre Roma: Gypsies in Canada, a 1999 National Film Board of Canada documentary