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Rho Cassiopeiae

Rho Cassiopeiae (/ˌroʊ kæsiəˈpiːaɪ, -sioʊ-, -iː/; ρ Cas, ρ Cassiopeiae) is a yellow hypergiant star in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is about 8,150 light-years (2,500 pc) from Earth, yet can still be seen by the naked eye as it is over 300,000 times brighter than the Sun. On average it has an absolute magnitude of −9.5, making it visually one of the most luminous stars known. Recently imaged and measured by the CHARA array in 2024, its diameter measures between 564 and 700 times that of the Sun, approximately 879,000,000 kilometers (5.88 AU; 546,000,000 mi), or 2.6 to 3.3 times the size of Earth's orbit.[8]

Rho Cassiopeiae

Location of Rho Cassiopeiae in the Cassiopeia constellation.
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Cassiopeia
Right ascension 23h 54m 23.0s[1]
Declination +57° 29′ 58″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 4.1 to 6.2[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type G2Iae[3] (F8pIa-K0pIa-0)[2]
U−B color index 1.15[4]
B−V color index 1.26[4]
Variable type SRd[2]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−47[3] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −4.54[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −3.45[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)0.9470 ± 0.2021 mas[5]
Distance8,150±1,630 ly
(2,500±500 pc)[6]
Absolute magnitude (MV)–9.5[7]
Details
Mass40[7] M☉
Radius564±67 – 700±112[8] R☉
Luminosity302,000 – 530,000,[6] 129,000[9] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)0.1[3] cgs
Temperature4,571 – 6,044[6] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.3[10] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)25[11] km/s
Age4 – 6[7] Myr
Other designations
7 Cassiopeiae, HR 9045, BD+56°3111, HD 224014, SAO 35879, FK5 899, HIP 117863, GC 33160
Database references
SIMBADdata

Rho Cassiopeiae is a single star, and is categorized as a semiregular variable. As a yellow hypergiant, it is one of the rarest types of stars. Only a few dozen are known in the Milky Way, but it is not the only one in its constellation which also contains V509 Cassiopeiae.[12]

Observation

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Visual light curve for Rho Cas from 1933 to 2015

Rho Cassiopeiae is the second brightest yellow hypergiant in the sky, the brightest being V382 Carinae, although Rho Cassiopeiae is mostly visible only in the northern hemisphere and V382 Carinae mostly only in the southern hemisphere.

The Bayer designation for this star was established in 1603 as part of the Uranometria, a star catalog produced by Johann Bayer, who placed this star in the sixth magnitude class.[citation needed] The star catalog by John Flamsteed published in 1712, which orders the stars in each constellation by their right ascension, gave this star the Flamsteed designation 7 Cassiopeiae.

Rho Cas was first described as variable in 1901. It was classified only as "pec." with a small but definite range of variation.[13] Its nature continued to be unclear during the deep visual minimum in 1946, although it was presumed to be related to the detection of an expanding shell around the star. The spectrum developed lower excitation features described as typical of an M star rather than the previous F8 class.[14] The nature of Rho Cas was eventually clarified as a massive luminous unstable star, pulsating and losing mass, and occasionally becoming obscured by strong bouts of mass loss.[15]

Rho Cas usually has an apparent magnitude near 4.5, but in 1946 it unexpectedly dimmed to 6th magnitude and cooled by over 3,000 Kelvin, before returning to its previous brightness. A similar eruption was recorded in 1893, suggesting that it undergoes these eruptions approximately once every 50 years. This happened again in 2000–2001, when it was observed by the William Herschel Telescope.[16]

In 2013, a shell ejection produced dramatic spectral changes and a drop of about half a magnitude at visual wavelengths.[17] Weak emission lines of metals and doubled H-α absorption lines were detected in late 2014, and unusual tripled absorption lines in 2017.[18] The brightness peaked at magnitude 4.3 before fading to 5th magnitude. In 2018 it brightened again to magnitude 4.2.[19]

The original Hipparcos parallax publication estimated Rho Cas at around 0.28 mas, which would have corresponded to a distance around 10,000 light years and would have made Rho Cas among the farthest stars visible to the naked eye.[20][21][22] However, more recent publications estimate Rho Cas with a much larger parallax, corresponding to a much shorter distance.

Properties

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From left to right: the Sun (small, faint dot on the far left representing 1 R☉ – too small to be visible in this thumbnail), the Pistol Star, Rho Cassiopeiae, Betelgeuse, and VY Canis Majoris. The orbits of Jupiter (♃ 5.23 AU) and Neptune (♆ 30.11 AU) are included for comparison.

Rho Cassiopeiae is one of the most luminous yellow stars known. It is close to the Eddington luminosity limit and normally loses mass at around 10−6 M☉/yr, hundreds of millions of times the rate of the solar wind. Much of the time it has a temperature over 7,000 K, a radius around 400 R☉, and pulsates irregularly producing small changes in brightness. Approximately every 50 years it undergoes a larger outburst and blows off a substantial fraction of its atmosphere, causing the temperature to drop around 1,500 K and the brightness to drop by up to 1.5 magnitudes. In 2000–2001 the mass loss rate jumped to 5×10−2 M☉/yr, ejecting in total approximately 3% of a solar mass or 10,000 Earth masses.[11][16] The luminosity remains roughly constant during the outbursts at half a million L☉, but the radiation output shifts towards the infra red.

In 2024, Rho Cassiopeiae was imaged through the CHARA array's H and K-band filters, using interferometry. The results gave an angular diameter of 2.08 ± 0.01 milliarcseconds. At an adopted distance range from 2.5 to 3.1 kiloparsecs (kpc), this gives a physical photospheric radius anywhere from 564 ± 67 to 700 ± 112 R☉,[8] comparable to Betelgeuse.[23]

Surface abundances of most heavy elements on Rho Cas are enhanced relative to the Sun, but carbon and oxygen are depleted. This is expected for a massive star where hydrogen fusion takes place predominantly via the CNO cycle. In addition to the expected helium and nitrogen convected to the surface, sodium is strongly enhanced, indicating that the star had experienced a dredge-up while in a red supergiant stage. Therefore, it is expected that Rho Cas is now evolving towards hotter temperatures. It is currently core helium burning through the triple alpha process.[10]

 
ρ Cassiopeiae in optical light

The relatively low mass and high luminosity of a post-red supergiant star is a source of instability, pushing it close to the Eddington Limit. However, yellow hypergiants lie in a temperature range where opacity variations in zones of partial ionisation of hydrogen and helium cause pulsations, similar to the cause of Cepheid variable pulsations. In hypergiants, these pulsations are generally irregular and small, but combined with the overall instability of the outer layers of the star they can result in larger outbursts. This may all be part of an evolutionary trend towards hotter temperatures through the loss of the star's atmosphere.[10]

Naming

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ρ Cassiopeiae is a member of the Chinese constellation Flying Serpent 螣蛇 (Téng Shé), in the Encampment mansion. In order, the 22 member stars are α and 4 Lacertae, π2 and π1 Cygni, stars 5 and 6, HD 206267, 13 and ε Cephei, β Lacertae, σ, ρ, τ, and AR Cassiopeiae, 9 Lacertae, 3, 7, 8, λ, ψ, κ, and ι Andromedae. Consequently, the Chinese name for ρ Cassiopeiae is 螣蛇十二 (Téng Shé shíèr, English: the Twelfth Star of Flying Serpent)[24]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  2. ^ a b c "GCVS Query=Rho Cas". General Catalogue of Variable Stars @ Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
  3. ^ a b c Klochkova, V. G.; Panchuk, V. E.; Tavolganskaya, N. S.; Usenko, I. A. (2013). "Instability of the kinematic state in the atmosphere of the hypergiant Rho Cas outside outburst". Astronomy Reports. 58 (2): 101–111. arXiv:1312.6922v1. Bibcode:2014ARep...58..101K. doi:10.1134/S1063772913120044. S2CID 119297330.
  4. ^ a b Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237: 0. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.
  5. ^ Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  6. ^ a b c van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; De Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; Van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. S2CID 203836020.
  7. ^ a b c Gorlova, N.; Lobel, A.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Rieke, G. H.; Ilyin, I.; Stauffer, J. R. (2006). "On the CO Near-Infrared Band and the Line-splitting Phenomenon in the Yellow Hypergiant ρ Cassiopeiae". The Astrophysical Journal. 651 (2): 1130–1150. arXiv:astro-ph/0607158. Bibcode:2006ApJ...651.1130G. doi:10.1086/507590. S2CID 15599266.
  8. ^ a b c Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; Monnier, John D.; Gies, Douglas R.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Montargès, Miguel; Kraus, Stefan; Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le (2024-08-05). "CHARA Near-Infrared Imaging of the Yellow Hypergiant Star ρ Cassiopeiae: Convection Cells and Circumstellar Envelope". arXiv:2408.02756v2 [astro-ph.SR].
  9. ^ Klochkova, V. G. (2019). "Unity and Diversity of Yellow Hypergiants Family". Astrophysical Bulletin. 74 (4): 475–489. arXiv:1911.09387. Bibcode:2019AstBu..74..475K. doi:10.1134/S1990341319040138. S2CID 208202411.
  10. ^ a b c Israelian, G.; Lobel, A.; De Jager, C.; Musaev, F. (1998). "The Variable Spectrum of the Yellow Hypergiant rho Cassiopeiae". ASP Conf. Ser. 154: 1601. Bibcode:1998ASPC..154.1601I.
  11. ^ a b Lobel, A.; Israelian, G.; De Jager, C.; Musaev, F.; Parker, J. Wm.; Mavrogiorgou, A. (1998). "The spectral variability of the cool hypergiant rho Cassiopeiae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 330: 659. Bibcode:1998A&A...330..659L.
  12. ^ Israelian, G.; Lobel, A.; Schmidt, M. R. (1999). "The Yellow Hypergiants HR 8752 and ρ Cassiopeiae near the Evolutionary Border of Instability". The Astrophysical Journal. 523 (2): L145. arXiv:astro-ph/9908308. Bibcode:1999ApJ...523L.145I. doi:10.1086/312283. S2CID 18269688.
  13. ^ Pickering, E. C.; Colson, H. R.; Fleming, W. P.; Wells, L. D. (1901). "Sixty-four new variable stars". Astrophysical Journal. 13: 226. Bibcode:1901ApJ....13..226P. doi:10.1086/140808.
  14. ^ Beardsley, Wallace R. (1953). "The spectrum of ρ Cassiopeiae". Astronomical Journal. 58: 34. Bibcode:1953AJ.....58...34B. doi:10.1086/106807.
  15. ^ Sheffer, Yaron; Lambert, David L. (1986). "Spectroscopic observations of yellow supergiants. I – Radial pulsations of Rho Cassiopeiae". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 98: 914. Bibcode:1986PASP...98..914S. doi:10.1086/131844. S2CID 121553435.
  16. ^ a b Lobel, A.; Dupree, A. K.; Stefanik, R. P.; Torres, G.; Israelian, G.; Morrison, N.; De Jager, C.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Ilyin, I.; Musaev, F. (2003). "High-Resolution Spectroscopy of the Yellow Hypergiant ρ Cassiopeiae from 1993 through the Outburst of 2000–2001". The Astrophysical Journal. 583 (2): 923–954. arXiv:astro-ph/0301238. Bibcode:2003ApJ...583..923L. doi:10.1086/345503. S2CID 18587770.
  17. ^ Kraus, M.; Kolka, I.; Aret, A.; Nickeler, D. H.; Maravelias, G.; Eenmäe, T.; Lobel, A.; Klochkova, V. G. (2019). "A new outburst of the yellow hypergiant star ρ Cas". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 483 (3): 3792–3809. arXiv:1812.03065. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.483.3792K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3375.
  18. ^ Klochkova, V. G.; Panchuk, V. E.; Tavolzhanskaya, N. S. (2018). "Changes of the Optical Spectrum of the Hypergiant ρ Cas due to a Shell Ejection in 2013". Astronomy Reports. 62 (9): 623–635. arXiv:1808.00220. Bibcode:2018ARep...62..623K. doi:10.1134/S1063772918090068. S2CID 119348731.
  19. ^ Loughney, D. (2018). "Rho Cassiopeiae - an Update (Abstract)". Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (Jaavso). 46 (2): 192. Bibcode:2018JAVSO..46R.192L.
  20. ^ "Rho Cassiopeiae (7 Cassiopeiae) Star Facts". Universe Guide. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  21. ^ King, Bob (29 March 2017). "Finite Light — Why We Always Look Back In Time". Universe Today. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  22. ^ "How to See the Farthest Thing You Can See". Sky & Telescope. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  23. ^ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K.-P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2023). "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 669: A9. arXiv:2211.04967v1. Bibcode:2023A&A...669A...9M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924.
  24. ^ 陳輝樺 (Chen Huihua), ed. (7 July 2006). "Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy" 天文教育資訊網 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
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