Red tourism (Chinese: 红色旅游, Russian: красный туризм, romanized: krasniy turizm)[1] is tourism at locations significant to communism. It is a subset of domestic and international tourism in current or former communist countries such as China and Russia, in which people visit locations with historical significance to their "red" (communist) past.[2][3]
| Red tourism | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 红色旅游 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 紅色旅遊 | ||||||
| |||||||
In China, Chinese people visit locations with historical significance to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) "to rekindle their long-lost sense of class struggle and proletarian principles."[4]
State support
editThe Office of National Red Tourism Coordination Group (ONRTCG or 'the Red Office') is in charge of red tourism.[5]: 24 The Chinese government began actively supporting red tourism in 2005[6] to promote the "national ethos" and socioeconomic development in those areas,[7] which are typically rural and poorer than East China. The "General Plan for the Development of Red Tourism in 2004-2010" (2004－2010年全国红色旅游发展规划纲要), issued by the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party and the General Office of the State Council, established the first batch of 100 so-called "red tourism classic scenic spots" (红色旅游经典景区). In 2012, officials representing several Chinese cities signed a "China Red Tourism Cities Strategic Cooperation Yan'an Declaration" to develop red tourism. Those cities were Guang'an, Yan'an, Jinggangshan, Ruijin, Zunyi, Shijiazhuang, Qingyang, Chishui, Longyan, and Shaoshan.[8]
In the CCP's view, red tourism strengthens revolutionary traditions, enhances patriotism, and promotes a unique national spirit.[9]: 64 A Chinese official said, "This is a major project that benefits both the Party, the nation and the people, either in the economic, cultural and the political sense."[10] In 2004, People's Daily described red tourism as contributing to a virtuous cycle in which through the socialist market economy, social benefits and economic benefits are integrated and "spiritual wealth is transformed into social wealth."[5]: 102 Xi Jinping recommends that Chinese visit these revolutionary sites to develop "historical confidence" in socialism.[11]: 49
Locations
editThe number of red tourism sites has continuously grown since its inception in 2005. Significant sites include:
- Gutian, site of the Gutian Congress, where in 1929 the 9th Party Congress was held, and a resolution by Mao Zedong was passed, addressing ideological splits in the military and party, and establishing the principle of the "Party Leading The Army"[12] in which the army is a subordinate of the party, and should carry out the political tasks of the revolution.[13]
- Yan'an,[14] near the endpoint of the Long March, and thus became the center of the Chinese Communist Revolution from 1936 to 1948. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace of the revolution. Tourists can participate in daily mock battles portraying “The Defense of Yan’an” against Chinese Nationalist Army forces.[4] The "Golden Yan'an" tourist city features old-fashioned Chinese streets and shops in the style of the 1930s Yan'an Soviet.[5]: 1–2 The major attraction of Golden Yan'an is "The Ode of Yan'an" show, which depicts historical moments from the Communist Party's Yan'an period presented with a light show on the mountains and an audio-visual projection on Baota Mountain.[5]: 2
- Jinggangshan,[15] the cradle of the Chinese Communist Revolution,[16] where Mao Zedong and other leading members of the Chinese Communist Party established the first rural base for the revolution in 1927.[16]
- Zunyi,[17] the site of the Zunyi Conference
- Japanese Germ Warfare Experimental Base in Harbin[6]
- Xifeng Concentration Camp, in Xifeng County[6]
- Shaoshan, the birthplace of Mao Zedong [6]
- Hainan Island[18]
- Nanjie, Henan province: Small village where its local residents still live under Maoist ideas and live according to commune principles.
- Shanghai: Site of the 1921 Communist meeting.
- Nanchang, Jiangxi Province: Site of the Nanchang Uprising (August 1, 1927).
- Chongqing: Communist sites from WWII.
- Ruijin, Jiangxi Province: Headquarters of the Communist Party in the early 1930s.
- Tingzhou, Fujian, where leaders of the Communist Party such as Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai took refuge during the early years of the civil war.[19]
Other significant sites for red tourism in China include Dazhai village in Shanxi province which was promoted for its model agricultural work in the Mao-era learn from Dazhai campaign.[9]: 174 Dazhai hosts the Chinese Dream Red-Theme museum.[9]: 174
Liangjiahe, where Xi Jinping lived for seven years during the Cultural Revolution, is also significant red tourism location.[20]: 90
Events
editThe China Red Tourism and Cultural Festival is held annually in Hunan. The 2010 Festival took place in July and took advantage of high-speed rail in China.[citation needed]
During the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, the Shanghai local government promoted visits to the sites of the CCP's First National Congress, Second National Congress, and Fourth National Congress.[9]: 64
Development
editThe Patriotic Education Campaign contributed to the development of red tourism, particularly through its establishment of "Patriotic Education Bases".[5]: 99–100
Red tourism first developed in comparatively small villages around the mid-1990s.[5]: 101 According to the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, the term hongse lvyou 红色旅游 (red tourism) first appeared in a mainstream publication in 1996, when the term was used by the head of the Women's Committee of China's Old Region Development Program.[5]: 101
A significant rise in red tourism occurred in the late 1990s, prompted by the development of tourism as a significantly profitable economic sector and celebrations and commemorations related to the Communist Party's past becoming settled into tradition.[5]: 100
At the end of 2004, the central government issued its 2004-2010 National Red Tourism Development Outline, which provided a guideline for subsequent developments in red tourism.[5]: 102–103 It characterized the development of red tourism as significant in instilling patriotism, revolutionary spirit, and promoting socioeconomic development in the revolutionary base areas.[5]: 103
Impact
editAccording to academics Christopher Marquis and Kunyuan Qiao, red tourism in China has a significant impact in intergenerational transmission of Mao Zedong's political theory.[9]: 58 Through multilateral marketing and massive consumption, red tourism helps to enhance Chinese regime's political legitimacy.[21] It 'softly' improves Chinese state's image without eliciting social resistance.[22]
Aging original members of the Red Army criticize the "Disneyfication" of what should be solemn war memorials.[6]
Outside China
editOther former Communist countries can have red tourism, such as the Czech Republic, previously part of Czechoslovakia and ruled by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.[23]
In North Korea, Revolutionary Sites are a part of red tourism in the country.
Russia
editRecently, Russian researchers started to focus on the studying of the trend of Russian-Chinese tourism development.[24] To attract red tourism business from China, Russian tourism authorities developed the "red circuit," an eight-day tour through multiple cities focused on the life of Vladimir Lenin.[5]: 2
Locations
edit- Gorki Leninskiye, Lenin's dacha and his place of death.[25]
- Lenin's Mausoleum.[25]
- Worker and Kolkhoz Woman.[25]
- Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.[25]
- Sparrow Hills.[25]
- Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy.[25]
- Tagansky Protected Command Point.[25]
- Ulyanovsk Memorial Museum of Vladimir Lenin.[26]
- Ulyanovsk Statue of Lenin.[26]
- Home of the Ulyanov family, Lenin's place of residence from 1878 to 1887.[26]
- Kazan Federal University, the university Lenin was expelled from for political activity.[27]
- Kazan Museum of Socialist Life.[27]
- Kazan House-Museum of Lenin, Ulyanov family house in Kazan.[27]
- Finland Station, the location of Lenin's return to Russia.[28]
- Palace Square.[28]
- Kshesinskaya Mansion, where Lenin presented the April Theses in 1917.[28]
- Museum-apartment of Elizarovs, Lenin's place of residence after his return to Russia.[28]
- Winter Palace.[28]
- Lenin's Shack, a museum complex near Saint-Petersburg.[28]
- Objects of the defense of Leningrad.[28]
- Peter and Paul Fortress.[28]
References
edit- ^ Zhou, Qiong (2010-07-07). "National Symposium on Red Tourism Kicks off in Xiangtan University". Hunan Government. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
- ^ "'Red Tourism' Thrives in Yan'an, China". The New York Times. 2010-12-31. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
- ^ Chung, Dan (2009-09-28). "Red Tourism in China". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
- ^ a b Wong, Edward (December 30, 2010). "Revolution Isn't a Party, but It Draws Tourists". New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lin, Chunfeng (2023). Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda. Routledge. ISBN 9781032139609.
- ^ a b c d e Boyle, Joe (14 May 2008). "China's 'red tourism' stopover". BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ Tian, Sulei (2005-02-22). "China boosts "red tourism" in revolutionary bases". Chinese Embassy in Delhi/Xinhua.
- ^ "2012中国延安首届红色文化旅游季在延安举行". 中国日报网. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. Kunyuan Qiao. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. OCLC 1348572572.
- ^ "China boosts "red tourism" in revolutionary bases". People's Daily. February 22, 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
- ^ Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2024). "What Did the CCP Learn from the Past?". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
- ^ "Gutian Conference Site". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
- ^ "Hotel Gutian: We Haven't Had That Spirit Here Since 1929". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
- ^ Red Tourism: Yan'an China Pictorial 2002
- ^ Red Tourism: Jinggangshan China Pictorial 2002
- ^ a b "Torrential rains hit east China "red tourism" attraction". Xinhua News. 2010-07-26. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012.
- ^ Red Tourism: Zunyi China Pictorial 2002
- ^ Will "Red Tourism" take off in the Chinese Hainan? Or is the future "Green" and "Blue"?
- ^ White, Chris (March 2017). "Appropriating Christian History in Fujian: Red Tourism Meets the Cross". Studies in World Christianity. 23 (1): 35–50. doi:10.3366/swc.2017.0168.
- ^ Hou, Xiaojia (2024). "China's Shift to Personalistic Rule: Xi Jinping's Centralization of Political Power". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
- ^ Li, Yiping; Hu, Zhi Yi; Zhang, Chao Zhi (26 July 2010). "Red tourism: sustaining communist identity in a rapidly changing China". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 8 (1–2): 101–119. doi:10.1080/14766825.2010.493939. ISSN 1476-6825. S2CID 143983552.
- ^ Yan, Tony; Hyman, Michael R. (2023-07-04). "Softly enhancing political legitimacy via Red Tourism". Journal of Heritage Tourism. 18 (4): 556–573. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2023.2174440. ISSN 1743-873X. S2CID 256724303.
- ^ Bedard, Ron (October 28, 2010). "Red Tourism in the Czech Republic". TripAtlas.com.
- ^ Lyudmila S., Timofeeva (2018). ""Red Tourism" as a factor of stimulation of Interregional and International Tourism". Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores. 6: 1–15 – via EBSCO Discovery Service.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Москва". Красный Маршрут. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
- ^ a b c "Ульяновск". Красный Маршрут. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018.
- ^ a b c "Казань". Красный Маршрут. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Санкт-Петербург". Красный Маршрут. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018.