The Red "Lady" of Paviland (Welsh: "Dynes" Goch Pafiland)[1] is an Upper Paleolithic partial male skeleton dyed in red ochre and buried in Wales 33,000 BP (approximately 31,000 BCE).[2][3] The bones were discovered in 1823 by William Buckland in an archaeological dig at Goat's Hole Cave (Paviland cave) which is a limestone cave between Port Eynon and Rhossili on the Gower Peninsula, near Swansea in south Wales.[3] Buckland believed the skeleton was a Roman era female. Later, William Solace examined Goat's Cave Paviland in 1912. There, Solace found flint arrow heads and tools and correctly concluded that the skeleton was in fact a male hunter-gatherer or warrior during the last Ice Age.[4]
| Red "Lady" of Paviland | |
|---|---|
| "Dynes" Goch Pafiland (Welsh) | |
 Remains as seen from the feet | |
| Material | Bone |
| Period/culture | Paleolithic era |
| Discovered | 1823 Goat's Hole Cave, Gower Peninsula, Wales |
| Discovered by | William Buckland |
Goat's Hole was occupied throughout prehistory. Artefacts are predominantly Aurignacian, but also include examples from the earlier Mousterian, and later Gravettian and Creswellian periods.[5] The site is the oldest known ceremonial burial in Western Europe.[6]
There have been calls to return the red skeleton of Paviland to Wales where it was discovered and also specifically to Swansea.[7][4]
History
editDiscovery
editIn 1822, Daniel Davies and the Rev John Davies found animal bones, including the tusk of a mammoth. The Talbot family of Penrice Castle was informed and found "bones of elephants" on 27 December 1822. William Buckland, Professor of Geology at Oxford University arrived on 18 January 1823 and spent a week at the location site, Goat's Hole.[8] Later that year, writing about his find in his book Reliquiae Diluvianae (Remains or relics of the Flood), Buckland stated:
I found the skeleton enveloped by a coating of a kind of ruddle [ ochre ] ... which stained the earth, and in some parts extended itself to the distance of about half an inch [12 mm] around the surface of the bones ... Close to that part of the thigh bone where the pocket is usually worn surrounded also by ruddle [were] about two handfuls of the Nerita littoralis [periwinkle shells]. At another part of the skeleton, viz in contact with the ribs [were] forty or fifty fragments of ivory rods [also] some small fragments of rings made of the same ivory and found with the rods ... Both rods and rings, as well as the Nerite shells, were stained superficially with red and lay in the same red substance that enveloped the bones
Buckland's treatise misjudged both its age and sex.[9][10] He believed that human remains could not be older than the Biblical Great Flood, and thus wildly underestimated its true age, believing the remains to date to the Roman era.[5] Buckland believed the skeleton was female largely because it was discovered with decorative items, including perforated seashell necklaces and jewellery thought to be of elephant ivory but now known to be carved from the tusk of a mammoth.[11]
Later findings
edit
William Solace made an expedition to Goat's Cave Paviland in 1912. There, Solace found flint arrow heads and tools and correctly concluded that the skeleton was, in fact, a male hunter-gatherer or warrior during the last Ice Age. Over the last 100 years the date estimated by Solace has been shifted from the Mesolithic period (4-10,000 BCE) to the Palaeolithic era (35,000/10,000 BCE) of the last Ice Age.[4] However, before radiocarbon dating was invented in the 1950s, there was no existing scientific method for the determination of the age of any prehistoric remains.[8]
In the 1960s, Kenneth Oakley published a radiocarbon determination of 18,460 ± 340 BP.[8] Results published in 1989 and 1995 suggest that the individual from the cave lived about 26,000 years ago (26,350 ± 550 BP, OxA-1815), during the later periods of the Upper Paleolithic. A 2007 examination by Thomas Higham of Oxford University and Roger Jacobi of the British Museum suggested a dating of 29,000 years ago.[12] A recalibration of the results in 2009 suggest an age of 33,000 years.[citation needed]
Although now on the coast, at the time of the burial, the cave would have been located approximately 110 km (70 miles) inland, overlooking a plain. When the remains were dated to some 26,000 years ago, it was thought the "Red Lady" lived at a time when an ice sheet of the most recent glacial period in the British Isles, called the Devensian Glaciation, would have been advancing towards the site, and that consequently the weather would have been more like that of present-day Siberia, with maximum temperatures of perhaps 10°C in summer, −20° in winter, and a tundra vegetation. The new dating, however, indicates he lived during a warmer period.[citation needed]
Bone protein analysis indicates that he lived on a diet of between 15% and 20% fish, which, together with the distance from the sea, suggests that the people may have been semi-nomadic, or that the tribe transported the body from a coastal region for burial.[citation needed]
When the skeleton was discovered, Wales lacked a museum to house it, so it was moved to Oxford University, where Buckland was a professor. The bones are currently on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. In December 2007, it was loaned for a year to the National Museum Cardiff. Subsequent excavations yielded more than 4,000 flints, teeth and bones, needles and bracelets, which are on exhibit at Swansea Museum and the National Museum in Cardiff.[citation needed]
Evidence of earliest modern humans
editAnalysis of the evidence from the two excavations at Long Hole Cave on the Gower Peninsula, including sediment and pollen as well as the lithic evidence, has identified Long Hole as an Aurignacian site contemporary with and related to the site at Paviland, evidence of the first modern humans in Britain.[13]
Proposed return to Wales
editThe Red Lady of Paviland (which is actually a man) was discovered in 1823 by William Buckland a geology professor at Oxford University, and it was quickly transported to Oxford thereafter (some other artefacts were later repatriated).[14][15] This prompted a two-century campaign for it to be repatriated.[14]
In January 2023, the artefact was nicknamed the Welsh Elgin Marbles, after another artefact with calls for repatriation from the British Museum to Greece. The Red Lady is currently on display in the University of Oxford’s Museum of Natural History, and is described to be "well cared for". It has been stated by academics at Cardiff University, that if it were to return, it would enhance Wales's national collection and draw attention to its archaeology and caves.[15]
University of Liverpool and Coimbra University in Portugal Prof George Nash says, "Some have attempted to portray the remains as some sort of ancient Welsh ancestor, which is palpable nonsense. Whoever he was, he was almost certainly of African or Arabian distinction, fleeing conflict or over-crowding in his more hospitable homeland. What's more, after the brief thaw of the Palaeolithic era, Wales was cut off again for several thousand years, so there's absolutely no chance of these remains having any genetic or cultural relationship to any modern Welsh person". However, he also acknowledged that the Red Lady "is a significant part of Welsh history", and stated that if the remains could be safely returned to Wales then that "would definitely be the right thing to do".[14]
See also
edit- Archaeology of Wales
- Barnfield Pit
- Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site
- Boxgrove Quarry
- Creswell Crags
- Gough's Cave
- Happisburgh
- Kents Cavern
- Pakefield
- Prehistoric Wales
General
editReferences
edit- ^ "BBC - Cymru - Hanes - Themau - Cymru cyn Cristnogaeth". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
- ^ Richards, M. P.; Trinkaus, E. (September 2009). "Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106 (38): 16034–16039. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616034R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903821106. PMC 2752538. PMID 19706482.
- ^ a b "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ a b c "Red Lady of Paviland: Should remains come back to Wales?". BBC News. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ a b Aldhouse-Green, Stephen (2001). Denison, Simon (ed.). "Great Sites: Paviland Cave". British Archaeology (61). ISSN 1357-4442. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ Callaway, Ewen (2 May 2012). "Archaeology: Date with history". Nature. 485 (7396): 27–29. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...27C. doi:10.1038/485027a. PMID 22552075.
- ^ "Buried treasure: calls for important Welsh artefacts to be brought back home". Nation.Cymru. 25 September 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ a b c "British Archaeology magazine, October 2001". Archived from the original on 28 February 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2006.
- ^ Sommer, Marianne (2007). Bones and ochre: the curious afterlife of the Red Lady of Paviland. Harvard University Press. p. 1.
- ^ William Buckland www.oum.ox.ac. Accessed August 3, 2008
- ^ Sykes, Brian, Blood of the Isles pages 15-17 (Bantam, 2006)
- ^ *Jacobi, R. M and Higham, T. F. G: "The 'Red Lady' ages gracefully: New Ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland", Journal of Human Evolution, 2008
- ^ Dinnis, R (2012). "Identification Of Longhole (Gower) As An Aurignacian Site". Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society. 33: 17–29. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ a b c "Red Lady of Paviland: Should remains come back to Wales?". BBC News. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ a b Reynolds, Ffion; Mulville, Jacqui (18 January 2023). "Red Lady of Paviland: the story of a 33,000 year-old-skeleton – and the calls for it to return to Wales". The Conversation. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
Further reading
edit- Stephen Aldhouse-Green and Paul Pettitt Paviland Cave: contextualizing the ‘Red Lady’ Antiquity Volume 72, Issue 278 December 1998, pp. 756–772