Wikipedia

Red Cliff (film)

For other uses, see Red Cliff.

Red Cliff or Chibi (Chinese: 赤壁) is a 2008–2009 internationally co-produced epic war film, based on the Battle of Red Cliffs (208–209 AD) and the events at the end of the Han dynasty and immediately prior to the Three Kingdoms period in Imperial China. The film was directed by John Woo, and stars Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Takeshi Kaneshiro, Zhang Fengyi, Chang Chen, Zhao Wei, Hu Jun, and Lin Chi-ling. It was Woo's first major film since 2003's Paycheck[8] and his first Chinese-language feature since 1992's Hard Boiled,[9] also starring Leung.

Red Cliff
American poster for the edited release
Chinese赤壁
Literal meaningred cliffs
Hanyu Pinyinchì bì
Directed byJohn Woo
Written by
Based onRomance of the Three Kingdoms
by Luo Guanzhong
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography
Edited by
  • Yang Hongyu
  • Angie Lam
  • Robert A. Ferretti (Part I)
  • David Wu (Part II)
Music byTarō Iwashiro
Production
companies
Distributed by
Release dates
  • 10 July 2008 (2008-07-10) (Part I)
  • 7 January 2009 (2009-01-07) (Part II)
Running time
  • Part I: 146 minutes
  • Part II: 142 minutes
    •     total: 288 minutes
  • Abridged version: 148 minutes[3]
Countries
  • China
  • Hong Kong
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Taiwan
  • United States
LanguageMandarin
BudgetUS$80 million[4]
Box officeUS$250.1 million[1][5][6][7]

In China and much of Asia, Red Cliff was released in two parts, totaling over four hours in length (288 minutes). The first part (146 minutes) premiered in Beijing on 2 July 2008 and the second (142 minutes) was released in China on 7 January 2009. Outside Asia, a cut-down single 148 minute version was released in 2009. However, the full-length two-part version was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 5 October 2009,[10] and in the United States and Canada on 23 March 2010.[11]

The first part of the film grossed over US$127 million internationally,[12] and broke the Chinese box office record previously held by Titanic in mainland China.[13]

Plot

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Director John Woo said in an interview with David Stratton that the film is only 50% factual. Woo decided to alter the story using modern feelings and his own feelings for a more worldly acceptance. According to Woo, historical accuracy was less important than how the audience felt about the battle.[14]

Part I

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The film is set in China in 208 A.D. towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. Cao Cao, the warlord who controls the figurehead Emperor Xian, leads the imperial army on a campaign to eliminate the southern warlords Sun Quan and Liu Bei, whom he denounces as rebels. After the emperor reluctantly approves the campaign, Cao Cao's mighty army swiftly conquers Jing Province. Cao Cao and Liu Bei's forces clash at the Battle of Changban. During the battle, Liu Bei's sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei lead their men to protect the retreating civilians and hold off Cao Cao's cavalry. Meanwhile, Zhao Yun, one of Liu Bei's warriors, fights bravely to save his lord's family but only succeeds in rescuing Liu Bei's infant son.

Following the battle, Liu Bei's adviser, Zhuge Liang, goes on a diplomatic mission to Jiangdong to form an alliance between his lord and Sun Quan against Cao Cao. Sun Quan is initially in a dilemma on whether to surrender or fight back, but ultimately makes up his mind to go to war with Cao Cao after listening to Zhuge Liang and going on a tiger hunt with Zhou Yu, the frontline commander of his forces, and his sister, Sun Shangxiang. Meanwhile, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, two naval commanders from Jing Province, pledge allegiance to Cao Cao, who puts them in command of his massive fleet.

After the hasty formation of the Sun–Liu alliance, the forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan call for a meeting to formulate a plan to counter Cao Cao's army, which is rapidly advancing towards their base at Red Cliff via land and water routes. Sun Shangxiang leads some riders to lure Cao Cao's vanguard force into the allies' Bagua Formation and defeat the enemy after a fierce battle. Unfazed by the loss of a small vanguard force, Cao Cao leads the bulk of his forces to the riverbank directly across Red Cliff and make camp there. While the allies throw a banquet to celebrate their victory, Sun Shangxiang leaves on a mission to spy on Cao Cao's camp, and maintains contact with Zhuge Liang by sending messages via a pigeon.

Part II

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Sun Shangxiang, who has infiltrated Cao Cao's camp, secretly notes down its details and sends them via a pigeon to Zhuge Liang. Meanwhile, Cao Cao stages cuju games to boost his troops' morale. Sun Shangxiang befriends Sun Shucai, a soldier highly skilled at cuju. Soon after, Cao Cao's army is affected by a plague of typhoid fever that kills some soldiers. Cao Cao orders the corpses to be sent on floating rafts to the allies' camp in the hope of spreading the plague to his enemies. The allied army's morale is affected when some unsuspecting soldiers let the plague in. Eventually, a disheartened Liu Bei leaves with his forces while Zhuge Liang stays behind to assist Sun Quan. Cao Cao is overjoyed when he hears that the alliance has collapsed. At the same time, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun propose a new tactic of interlocking the battleships with iron beams to minimise rocking when sailing on the river and reduce the chances of the troops falling seasick.

 
Sun Quan's forces look on as Liu Bei leaves the alliance. From right to left: Zhou Yu (Tony Leung), Sun Quan (Chang Chen), Lu Su (Hou Yong).

Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang make plans to eliminate Cai Mao and Zhang Yun and produce 100,000 arrows respectively. They agree that whoever fails to complete his mission will be executed under military law. Zhuge Liang's strategy of letting the enemy shoot 20 boats covered in straw brings in over 100,000 arrows from the enemy and makes Cao Cao doubt the loyalty of Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. On the other hand, Cao Cao sends Jiang Gan to persuade Zhou Yu to surrender, but Zhou Yu tricks Jiang Gan into believing that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun are planning to assassinate Cao Cao. Both Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu's respective plans complement each other when Cao Cao is convinced, despite having earlier doubts about Jiang Gan's report, that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun are planning to assassinate him by deliberately "donating" arrows to the enemy. Despite Cao Cao realising his folly, it comes too late and the admirals are executed.

Sun Shangxiang returns from Cao Cao's camp with a map of the enemy formation. Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang decide to attack Cao Cao's navy with fire after predicting that a special climatic condition will soon cause the winds to blow from the southeast – a direction to their advantage. Before the battle, Sun Quan's forces feast on tangyuan to celebrate the Winter Solstice. Meanwhile, Zhou Yu's wife, Xiao Qiao, heads towards Cao Cao's camp alone secretly in the hope of persuading Cao Cao to end the war. She fails to convince Cao Cao and decides to distract him with an elaborate tea ceremony to buy time for her side.

The battle begins when the southeast wind starts blowing in the middle of the night. Sun Quan's forces launch their attack on Cao Cao's navy by ramming smaller boats that are set aflame into the larger enemy battleships. Meanwhile, Liu Bei's forces, whose departure from the alliance turns out to be a ruse, start attacking Cao Cao's forts on land. By dawn, Cao Cao's entire navy has been destroyed. The allies launch another offensive on Cao Cao's ground army and succeed in breaking through using the testudo formation despite suffering heavy casualties. Although Cao Cao is besieged in his main camp, he manages to hold Zhou Yu at sword point after ambushing him with the help of Cao Hong. Xiahou Jun also shows up with Xiao Qiao as a hostage and threatens to kill her if the allies do not surrender. However, Zhao Yun manages to reverse the situation by rescuing Xiao Qiao with a surprise attack, while Sun Quan fires an arrow that grazes the top of Cao Cao's head and cuts his topknot loose. Cao Cao is now at the mercy of the allies, but they spare his life and leave. In the final scene, Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang have a final conversation before the latter walks away with the newborn foal Mengmeng.

Abridged version

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For the non-Asian releases, the film was shortened from 288 minutes to 148 minutes and was released in some countries under the title Battle of Red Cliff. An opening narration in American English provides the historical background, whereas in the Asian release, a more brief description of the context of the political situation appears in scrolling form ten minutes into the film. Notable cuts include the background and motivations behind Zhuge Liang's plan to obtain 100,000 arrows, including the threat to his life, and the early parts of Sun Shangxiang's friendship with Sun Shucai (but the scene where she mourns his death is not cut). The tiger hunting scene is also cut from the non-Asian releases.

The original two-part 288 minute English version was released as a two-disc set on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 5 October 2009,[10] and in the United States and Canada on 23 March 2010.[11]

Cast

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Production

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Conception

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In a 1994 interview with Transpacific magazine, Woo stated that his dream was to direct a version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, citing his goal of wanting to bring Chinese people together and diminish political infighting.[15]

Casting

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Ken Watanabe was originally selected for the role of Cao Cao.[16] According to a report, some Chinese fans voiced objections over the choice as they felt that it was inappropriate for a Japanese actor to portray an important Chinese historical figure. The report claimed that the protests influenced the decision of director John Woo, who eventually chose Zhang Fengyi for the role.[17]

Chow Yun-fat was originally selected for the role of Zhou Yu and had even earlier been considered for the role of Liu Bei. He pulled out on 13 April 2007, just as shooting began. Chow explained that he received a revised script a week earlier and was not given sufficient time to prepare, but producer Terence Chang disputed this, saying that he could not work with Chow because the film's Hollywood insurer opposed 73 clauses in Chow's contract.[18][19] After just 2 days, Chow was replaced by Tony Leung, who had previously turned down the role of Zhuge Liang.[20][21][22] Although he was exhausted after filming Lust, Caution;[23] Leung offered to help because of his 20-year friendship with Woo.[24]

Filming

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Principal photography commenced in mid-April 2007.[25] Shooting was held at a film studio in Beijing, as well as in Hebei province, where naval warfare was staged at two working reservoirs.[26]

On 9 June 2008, a stuntman was killed in a freak fire accident that also left six others injured.[27]

The digital visual effects in Red Cliff II were produced by Modus FX, The Orphanage, Frantic Films, Red FX and Prime Focus.

Woo said that this film differed from other films based on The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, including story-based dramas and Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon, because it "brings out more humane stories tangled with the characters' psychology and life events."[28]

Release

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Production is helmed by Lion Rock Entertainment and China Film Group Corporation.[29] Distributors were fast to clinch the deal before shooting even began. Distributors include Chengtian Entertainment (China), CMC Entertainment / 20th Century Fox Taiwan Branch (Taiwan), Mei Ah Entertainment (Hong Kong), Avex Group/Toho-Towa Co. (Japan), Showbox (South Korea), the Los Angeles-based Summit Entertainment (international), and Magnolia Pictures (United States).[30]

Home media

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The full-length two-part version was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 5 October 2009,[10] and in the United States and Canada on 23 March 2010.[11]

In the United Kingdom, it was 2012's fifth most-watched foreign-language film on television with 280,000 viewers on Channel 4, and the year's most-watched Asian film (above the Indian film My Name is Khan).[31]

Critical reception

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Western critics also reacted positively to the film when the two parts were released as one film (148 minute version) in June 2009. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 91% "fresh" rating based on 116 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus states: "Featuring some impressively grand battlefield action, John Woo returns to Asia and returns to form in the process for this lavish and slick historical epic."[32] Metacritic reports a 73 out of 100 rating based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[33]

First part

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During the first part of the film's Asia release, Variety reported that the film enjoyed a tremendous start to its theatrical run across East Asia since its release date on 10 July 2008.[34] The film scored a record-breaking opening weekend across six Asian territories.[35] Variety also reported that the film received a generally positive critical reception in Hong Kong, China.[34] In South Korea, the opening day of Red Cliff knocked Hancock down to 79,000 admissions Thursday, or an estimated gross of $550,000.[34] The film also drew more than 1.6 million viewers in South Korea – about 130,000 more than the Batman sequel The Dark Knight.[36] At a budget of US$80 million, along with media scrutiny over its lengthy and troubled shoot, including the death of a stunt man and the hospitalisation of its producer, the film was thought by many a big financial gamble, but industry insiders reported that good word-of-mouth and positive reviews appeared to be paying off for the film's strong box-office revenue.[37]

The Associated Press (AP) gave the film a glowing review, writing, "John Woo displays the crucial distinction in the magnificently told Red Cliff, the Hong Kong director's triumphant return to Chinese film after 16 years in Hollywood" and "with Red Cliff, Woo shows he's still a masterful director to be reckoned with."[38]

The Hollywood Reporter also gave the film a positive review, writing, "A formidable prelude to an epic battle with resplendent effects and action spectacles."[39]

Variety also gave the film a favourable review, and describes Red Cliff: "balances character, grit, spectacle and visceral action in a meaty, dramatically satisfying pie that delivers on the hype and will surprise many who felt Woo progressively lost his mojo during his long years stateside." The review also states that the picture may however disappoint those simply looking for a costume retread of his kinetic 80s action films, such as Heroes Shed No Tears and A Better Tomorrow.[40]

The Korea Times writes: "Finally, Asian cinema sees the birth of a movie with the grandeur – in both budget and inspiration – of epic franchises like The Lord of the Rings." "Hefty action sequences are knit together with delightful detail, including poetic animal imagery. While the Asian-ness of movies like Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon caters to a Western audience, Red Cliff captures the heart and soul of the Asian philosophy with a more universal appeal."[41] One of South Korea's main English-language newspapers JoongAng Daily raves about the film by stating "the historical China film lived up to its expectations in more ways than one."[42]

The Japan Times gave the film a high praise and states "Red Cliff brings all that and more to the screen – a whopping two and a half hours of frenzied action, feverish passion and elegantly choreographed battle scenes ..."[43] and listed the film at the end of the year as one of the best international (non-Japanese) films of 2008.[44]

The Malaysian national newspaper New Straits Times also gave the film an enthusiastic review, and states: "The first film is breathtaking in its grandeur, with awe-inspiring battle scenes." The review also praised the film's 'impressive' cinematography and noted that "the characters are all well fleshed-out, complete with individual quirks and mannerisms."[45] Vietnamese newspaper Thanh Nien Daily remarked: "Red Cliff's action is epic. Drawing from actual battle tactics from 1,800 years ago, Woo proves that after all these years he still has the ability to make the action fresh and one-of-a-kind by blending grace with violence in a whole new genre. Lovers of Asian cinema can rejoice, John Woo is back."[46]

Second part

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The second half of the film was released in China on 7 January 2009. The Hollywood Reporter writes: "It is director John Woo's level-headed ordering of narrative sequence, his skill in devising kinetic live-action to off-set technical ostentation and his vision of how to turn epic into entertainment that propels "Red Cliff II" to a thundering climax," and "colossal production turns history into legend by splashing out on spectacle and entertainment."[47]

Variety describes the film as "Delivers in spades ... with characters already established, this half is expectedly heavier on action ... though still pack beaucoup human interest prior to the final hour's barnstorming battle," and states the film overall as "in this 280 minute, two-part version, helmer-producer Woo and fellow producer Terence Chang have indeed crafted one of the great Chinese costume epics of all time."[48] The Japan Times gave the second part four-and-a-half stars out of five, stating that the "visually stunning Chinese historical epic ratchets the entertainment factor up to eleven."[49]

Awards and nominations

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Part I

Awards
Award Category Name Outcome
3rd Asian Film Awards Best Picture Nominated
Best Director John Woo Nominated
Best Visual Effects Craig Hayes Won
28th Hong Kong Film Awards Best Picture Nominated
Best Director John Woo Nominated
Best Actor Tony Leung Chiu-wai Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Zhang Fengyi Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Zhao Wei Nominated
Best New Performer Lin Chi-ling Nominated
Best Cinematography Lü Yue, Zhang Li Nominated
Best Film Editing Angie Lam, Robert A. Ferreti, Yang Hongyu Nominated
Best Art Direction Timmy Yip Won
Best Costume and Make-up Design Timmy Yip Won
Best Action Choreography Corey Yuen Nominated
Best Sound Design Wu Jiang, Roger Savage Won
Best Visual Effects Craig Hayes Won
Best Original Score Tarō Iwashiro Won
Best Original Song "Mind Battle: Red Cliff" Nominated
32nd Japan Academy Prize Best Foreign Language Film Nominated

Part II

Awards
Award Category Name Outcome
29th Hong Kong Film Awards Best Picture Nominated
Best Director John Woo Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Chang Chen Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Zhao Wei Nominated
Best Cinematography Lü Yue, Zhang Li Nominated
Best Film Editing David Wu, Angie Lam, Yang Hongyu Nominated
Best Art Direction Timmy Yip Nominated
Best Costume and Make-up Design Timmy Yip Nominated
Best Action Choreography Corey Yuen Nominated
Best Sound Design Wu Jiang, Steve Burgess Won
Best Visual Effects Craig Hayes Nominated
Best Original Score Tarō Iwashiro Nominated
Best Original Song "River of No Return" Nominated
33rd Japan Academy Prize Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
14th Satellite Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
Best Film Editing Angie Lam, Yang Hongyu, Robert A. Ferretti Nominated
Best Art Direction and Production Design Timmy Yip, Eddy Wong Nominated
Best Costume Design Timmy Yip Nominated
Best Cinematography Lü Yue, Zhang Li Nominated
Best Visual Effects Craig Hayes Nominated
Best Sound (Mixing and Editing) Roger Savage, Steve Burgess Won
36th Saturn Awards Best International Film Nominated
Best Music Taro Iwashiro Nominated
Best Costume Timmy Yip Nominated
13th LVFCS Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won
15th BFCA Critics' Choice Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
8th WAFCA Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
3rd HFCS Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
16th DFWFCA Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Chi bi (Red Cliff: Part I) (2008)". Box Office Mojo.
  2. ^ "Red Cliff (2009)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Red Cliff (15) (cut)". British Board of Film Classification. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  4. ^ "Red Cliff – Production Notes" (DOC). Magnolia Pictures. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  5. ^ "Chi bi: Xia – Jue zhan tian xia (Red Cliff: Part II) (2009)". Box Office Mojo.
  6. ^ "Italy Box Office, November 13–15, 2009". Box Office Mojo.
  7. ^ "Red Cliff (2009)". Box Office Mojo.
  8. ^ Tobias, Scott (19 November 2009). "Red Cliff". The A.V. Club.
  9. ^ "Red Cliff DVD review". 14 December 2009.
  10. ^ a b c "Red Cliff (R2/UK BD) in October". DVD Times. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  11. ^ a b c "Red Cliff international version". Amazon.com. U.S. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  12. ^ "2008 Overseas Total Yearly Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  13. ^ 《赤壁》夺日票房冠军 大破《英雄》票房纪录 [Red Cliff wins the box office champion of the day and breaks the 'hero' box office record] (in Chinese). 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  14. ^ Stratton, David (22 July 2009). "Red Cliff interview". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  15. ^ Fu, Nelson (August–September 1994). "Woo's on first!". Transpacific. Vol. 9, no. 5. Retrieved 2 July 2022 – via Gale General OneFile.
  16. ^ "Zhao Wei to join all-star cast for Battle of the Red Cliff". China Radio International. 9 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
  17. ^ (in Chinese) Tang, A. "Choice of Kaneshiro as Zhuge Liang criticized" Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Chinese Business View, 2007-03-09. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  18. ^ Lee, M. Chow Yun-Fat drops out of Red Cliff[permanent dead link‍], Associated Press, 2007-04-17. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  19. ^ Yu2007-04-17T08:08:00+01:00, Sen-lun. "Chow Yun-fat climbs down from Woo's Red Cliff". Screen. Retrieved 27 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Frater, P. & Coonan, C. "Leung rejoins 'Red Cliff'", Variety, 2007-04-19. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
  21. ^ McCurry, J. "Chinese epic loses the plot as actors quit £40m project", The Guardian, 2007-04-20. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
  22. ^ "The curse of Red Cliff - John Woo's £40m problem". The Independent. 14 June 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  23. ^ Unknown. "Tony Leung leaps off Red Cliff", The Guardian, 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
  24. ^ "梁朝伟二进《赤壁》救场 身高差吴宇森犯难(图)_影音娱乐_新浪网". ent.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  25. ^ (in Chinese) Zhang, Z. "Red Cliff to begin shooting mid-April" Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Xinmin Evening News, 2007-04-04. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  26. ^ (in Chinese) Zheng, Z. "Shooting locations of Red Cliff revealed" Archived 9 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Sina Entertainment, 2007-04-04. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
  27. ^ "Stuntman killed on John Woo film set". Archived from the original on 1 April 2009.
  28. ^ "From shadow puppets to epic war drama[usurped]." Joongang Daily. 2 July 2008. Retrieved on 13 January 2012.
  29. ^ Frater, P. "Woo wages 'Battle'", Variety, 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
  30. ^ Elley, Derek "Red Cliff" Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Variety. Retrieved on 2009-03-02
  31. ^ "BFI Statistical Yearbook 2013" (PDF). British Film Institute (BFI). 2013. p. 150. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  32. ^ "Red Cliff (Chi Bi) (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  33. ^ "Red Cliff reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  34. ^ a b c Frater, Patrick (13 July 2008). "'Red Cliff' brings in big numbers". Variety. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  35. ^ "John Woo's 'Red Cliff' bows big in Asia". The Hollywood Reporter. 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  36. ^ "John Woo takes Chinese epic to Western audiences. AP".[dead link‍]
  37. ^ "Red Cliff earns John Woo an Asian hero's welcome – $80 mil war epic opens strong across continent". The Hollywood Reporter. 11 July 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  38. ^ "John Woo restores credibility to Chinese epics with Red Cliff". Associated Press. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  39. ^ "Film Review: Red Cliff". The Hollywood Reporter. 11 July 2008. Archived from the original on 17 July 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  40. ^ Elley, Derek (20 July 2008). "Red Cliff Review". Variety. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  41. ^ "'Red Cliff': Megastars bring mega action". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  42. ^ Kim, Hyung-eun. "Historical China film lives up to expectations". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  43. ^ War as wisdom and gore. The Japan Times
  44. ^ The top movies of 2008. The Japan Times
  45. ^ "Cinema: Woo's art of war". New Straits Times. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2008. [dead link‍]
  46. ^ "An epic return: Chinese history and culture burst onto the screen in John Woo's Red Cliff". Thanh Nien. 20 July 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  47. ^ Lee, Maggie (20 January 2009). "Film Review: Red Cliff II". The Hollywood Reporter.
  48. ^ Derek Elley (9 January 2009). "Red Cliff II review". Variety.
  49. ^ "Wooed by the sheer size of it". The Japan Times. 10 April 2009.
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