Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence.[1] It is one of the most common tests administered to both groups and individuals ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly.[2] It comprises 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of increasing difficulty.[2] This format is designed to measure the test taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g (g is often referred to as general intelligence).
The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936.[3] In each test item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6×6, 4×4, 3×3, or 2×2 matrix, giving the test its name.[4]
Problem structure
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The questions consist of visual geometric design with a missing piece, with six to eight choices that fill in the piece.[5]
Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary tests were originally developed for use in research into the genetic and environmental origins of cognitive ability. Raven thought that the tests commonly in use at that time were cumbersome to administer and the results difficult to interpret. Accordingly, he set about developing simple measures of the two main components of Spearman's g: the ability to think clearly and make sense of complexity (known as eductive ability) and the ability to store and reproduce information (known as reproductive ability).
Raven's tests of both were developed with the aid of what later became known as item response theory.
Raven first published his Progressive Matrices in the United Kingdom in 1938. His three sons established Scotland-based test publisher J C Raven Ltd. in 1972. In 2004, Harcourt Assessment, Inc. a division of Harcourt Education, acquired J C Raven Ltd. Harcourt was later acquired by Pearson PLC.
Versions
editThe Matrices are available in three different forms for participants of different ability:
- Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM): These were the original form of the matrices, first published in 1938. The booklet comprises five sets (A to E) of 12 items each (e.g., A1 through A12), with items within a set becoming increasingly complex, requiring ever greater cognitive capacity to encode and analyze information. All items are presented in black ink on a white background.[5]
- Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM): Designed for children aged 5 through 11 years-of-age, the elderly, and mentally and physically impaired individuals. This test contains sets A and B from the standard matrices, with a further set of 12 items inserted between the two, as set Ab. Most items are presented on a coloured background to make the test visually stimulating for participants. However the last few items in set B are presented as black-on-white; in this way, if a subject exceeds the tester's expectations, transition to sets C, D, and E of the standard matrices is eased.[5]
- Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM): The advanced form of the matrices contains 48 items, presented as one set of 12 (set I) and another of 36 (set II). Items are again presented in black ink on a white background, and become increasingly complex as progress is made through each set. These items are appropriate for adults and adolescents of above-average intelligence.[6][5]
In addition, "parallel" forms of the standard and coloured progressive matrices were published in 1998. This was to address the problem of the Raven's Matrices being too well known in the general population. Items in the parallel tests have been constructed so that average solution rates to each question are identical for the classic and parallel versions. A revised version of the RSPM – the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus – was published at the same time. This was based on the "parallel" version but, although the test was the same length, it had more difficult items in order to restore the test's ability to differentiate among more able adolescents and young adults that the original RSPM had when it was first published. This new test, developed with the aid of better sampling arrangements and developments in the procedures available to implement the item response theory, has turned out to have exemplary test properties.[7]
Uses
editThe tests were initially developed for research purposes. Because of their independence of language and reading and writing skills, and the simplicity of their use and interpretation, they quickly found widespread practical application. For example, all entrants to the British armed forces from 1942 onwards took a twenty-minute version of the RSPM, and potential officers took a specially adapted version as part of British War Office Selection Boards. The routine administration of what became the Standard Progressive Matrices to all entrants (conscripts) to many military services throughout the world (including the Soviet Union) continued at least until the present century. It was by bringing together these data that James R. Flynn was able to place the intergenerational increase in scores beyond reasonable doubt.[8] Flynn's path-breaking publications on IQ gains around the world have led to the phenomenon of the gains being known as the Flynn effect. Among Robert L. Thorndike[9] and other researchers who preceded Flynn in finding evidence of IQ score gains was John Raven,[10] reporting on studies with the RPM.
A 2007 study provided evidence that individuals with Asperger syndrome, a high-functioning autism spectrum disorder, score higher than other individuals on Raven's tests.[11] Another 2007 study found that individuals with classic low-functioning autism score higher on Raven's tests than on Wechsler tests. In addition, individuals with classic autism provided correct answers to the Raven's test in less time than individuals without autism, although they erred as often as the latter.[12][13]
The high IQ societies Intertel and the International Society for Philosophical Enquiry (ISPE) accept the RAPM as a qualification for admission,[14][15] and so does the International High IQ Society.[16] The Triple Nine Society used to accept the Advanced Progressive Matrices as one of their admission tests. They still accept a raw score of at least 35 out of 36 on Set II of the RAPM if scored before April 2014.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bilker, Warren B.; Hansen, John A.; Brensinger, Colleen M.; Richard, Jan; Gur, Raquel E.; Gur, Ruben C. (2012-09-01). "Development of abbreviated nine-item forms of the Raven's standard progressive matrices test". Assessment. 19 (3): 354–369. doi:10.1177/1073191112446655. ISSN 1552-3489. PMC 4410094. PMID 22605785.
- ^ a b Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009). Standardized tests in education, civil service, and the military. Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues (7 ed. pp. 325–327). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- ^ Raven, J. C. (1936). Mental tests used in genetic studies: The performance of related individuals on tests mainly educative and mainly reproductive. MSc Thesis, University of London.
- ^ Mabon, Hunter (2014). Arbetspsykologisk testning: Om urvalsmetoder i arbetslivet. Assessio. Page 298. ISBN 9789174183085.
- ^ a b c d Domino, George; Domino, Marla L. (2006-04-24). Psychological Testing: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139455145.
- ^ Carpenter, Patricia; Just, Marcel; Shell, Peter (1990). "What one intelligence test measures: a theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test". Psychological Review. 97 (3): 404–431. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.404. PMID 2381998. S2CID 8662046.
- ^ Raven, J. (2000). The Outstanding Properties of the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus test.
- ^ Flynn, James R. (March 1987). "Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 101 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- ^ Thorndike, R. L. (1977). "Causation of Binet IQ decrements". Journal of Educational Measurement. 14 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1977.tb00036.x.
- ^ Raven, J. (1981). Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Research Supplement No.1: The 1979 British Standardisation of the Standard Progressive Matrices and Mill Hill Vocabulary Scales, Together With Comparative Data From Earlier Studies in the UK, US, Canada, Germany and Ireland. San Antonio, Texas: Harcourt Assessment
- ^ Hayashi, Mika; Kato, Motoichiro; Igarashi, Kazue; Kashima, Haruo (2008). "Superior fluid intelligence in children with Asperger's disorder". Brain and Cognition. 66 (3): 306–310. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.09.008. PMID 17980944. S2CID 14585536.
- ^ Dawson, Michelle; Soulières, Isabelle; Ann Gernsbacher, Morton; Mottron, Laurent (2007). "The level and nature of autistic intelligence". Psychol Sci. 18 (8): 657–62. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x. PMC 4287210. PMID 17680932.
- ^ Soulières, Isabelle; Dawson, Michelle; Gernsbacher, Morton Ann; Mottron, Laurent (2011). "The level and nature of autistic intelligence II: What about Asperger Syndrome?". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): 657–62. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625372S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025372. PMC 3182210. PMID 21991394.
- ^ "Intertel - Join us". www.intertel-iq.org. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
- ^ "Qualifying Scores". International Society for Philosophical Enquiry. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
- ^ "The International High IQ Society - Sign-up". www.ihiqs.org. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ "Test Scores". www.triplenine.org. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
Bibliography
edit- Raven, J., Raven, J.C., & Court, J.H. (2003, updated 2004) Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
- The above Manual is only available to qualified psychologists. Uses and Abuses of Intelligence (see below) is a more generally available source. However a summary of the contents of the Manual's 7 Sections, and, in particular links to Section 7, which contains abstracts of hundreds of studies in which the RPM have been used will be found at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368919615_Manual_for_Raven's_Progressive_Matrices_and_Vocabulary_Scales_Summary_of_Contents_of_All_Sections.
- Raven, J., & Raven, J. (eds.) (2008) Uses and Abuses of Intelligence: Studies Advancing Spearman and Raven's Quest for Non-Arbitrary Metrics. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press.