The Qingyang event was a presumed meteor shower or air burst that took place near Qingyang in March or April 1490.[1][2] The area was at the time part of Shaanxi, but is now in Gansu province.[2] A 1994 study in the journal Meteoritics tentatively explained this event as a meteor air burst.[1]
Some historical Chinese accounts of the meteor shower recorded many deaths,[2] but the official Ming dynasty history records the event without mentioning casualties.[1][3] The casualties are therefore doubted by many researchers in the modern era. In the same year, Asian astronomers coincidentally discovered comet C/1490 Y1, a possible progenitor of the Quadrantid meteor showers.[4]
Meteor shower
editAt least three surviving Chinese historical records describe a shower of rocks,[2][5] one stating that "stones fell like rain."[1] Human fatality estimates in these sources range from more than ten thousand people to several tens of thousands of people.[1][2] The History of Ming (the official history of the Ming dynasty) contains a report of the event, and other journal records which describe the event are also generally considered reliable.[5] However, the History of Ming omits the number of casualties, which therefore has been frequently either doubted or discounted by present-day researchers.[1][3]
Due to the paucity of detailed information and the lack of surviving meteorites or other physical evidence, researchers have been unable to definitively state the exact nature of the dramatic event,[6] even examining the possible occurrence of severe hail.[1] Kevin Yau of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and his collaborators have noted several similarities of the Qingyang event to the Tunguska air burst in 1908, which, if it had occurred above a populated area, could have produced many fatalities.[1][7]
One surviving account records:[1]
Stones fell like rain in the Ch’ing-yang [Qingyang] district. The larger ones were 4 to 5 catties (about 1.5 kg), and the smaller ones were 2 to 3 catties (about 1 kg). Numerous stones rained in Ch'ing-yang. Their sizes were all different. The larger ones were like goose's eggs and the smaller ones were like water-chestnuts. More than 10,000 people were struck dead. All of the people in the city fled to other places.
One source of Chinese astronomical information of celestial events, the Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China), records ten works that discuss the March–April 1490 event,[2][8] including the History of Ming. Additionally, there are records of it in local gazettes and histories of the region.[2] The History of Ming states only that there was a rain of uncountable stones up to the size of goose eggs. The date given was the third lunar month of 1490, which translates as March 21 to April 19, 1490.[2]
Coincidental comet
edit| Discovery | |
|---|---|
| Discovery date | 1490 |
| Orbital characteristics[9] | |
| Observation arc | 22 days |
| Number of observations | 3 |
| Perihelion | 0.7376 AU |
| Eccentricity | ~1.000 |
| Inclination | 51.650° |
| 295.89° | |
| Argument of periapsis | 129.84° |
| Last perihelion | 24 December 1490 |
In 2007 astronomers determined that the annual January Quadrantid meteor shower may have originated with the disintegration of Comet C/1490 Y1, approximately a century after it was first identified in 1490 by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean astronomers.[10][11] A connection with asteroid (196256) 2003 EH1 has also been suggested.[4] The large difference between the timing of the January meteor showers and the Qingyang event—which occurred in March or April 1490—makes a relationship between the comet and the Qingyang event appear unlikely.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events, Meteoritics, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, ISSN 0026-1114, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Webb, Sterling K., Juhl, Robert A. Meteorite deaths in Qingyang in 1490, MeteoriteCentral.com website as archived on Mail-Archive.com, January 1, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
- ^ a b Gritzner, C. Human Casualties in Impact Events, WGN Journal of the International Meteor Organization, pp. 222–226, bib. code: 1997JIMO...25..222G.
- ^ a b Ki-Won Lee; Hong-Jin Yang; Myeong-Gu Park (2009). "Orbital Elements of Comet C/1490 Y1 and the Quadrantid shower". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 400 (3). Cornell University Library: 1389–1393. arXiv:0908.2547. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.400.1389L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15535.x. S2CID 15495834.
- ^ a b Death from above in ancient China, Sky & Telescope, March 1995, Vol. 89, Iss. 3, p. 15, ISSN 0037-6604.
- ^ Asteroid's close shave ranks among Earth's biggest hits (and misses), NBCNews.com website, February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- ^ Lewis, John S. Rain of Iron and Ice: The Very Real Threat of Comet and Asteroid Bombardment, Basic Books, 1997, P. 170, ISBN 0201154943, ISBN 9780201154948.
- ^ "Zhongguo gudai tianxiang jilu zongji, (Complete collection of records of celestial phenomena in ancient China)", Nanjing: Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1988, pp 73–74. (in Chinese)
- ^ "C/1490 Y1 – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ Haines, Lester, Meteor shower traced to 1490 comet break-up: Quadrantid mystery solved, The Register, January 8, 2008.
- ^ Ball, Phillip. Dead comet spawned New Year meteors, Nature online website, ISSN 1744-7933, doi:10.1038/news031229-5, published online on December 31, 2003.
Further reading
edit- Crawford, D.; Mader, C. "Modeling Asteroid Impact Tsunami", Science of Tsunami Hazards, 1998, Vol. 16 pp. 21–30.
- Lewis, John S. Comet And Asteroid Impact Hazards On A Populated Earth: Computer Modeling, Volume 1, Academic Press, 2000, ISBN 0124467601, ISBN 978-0124467606.
- Paine M (1999). "Asteroid Impacts: The Extra Hazard Due To Tsunami". Science of Tsunami Hazards. 17 (3): 155–166.
- Steel, Duncan. Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: The Search for the Million Megaton Menace That Threatens Life on Earth, Wiley & Sons, 1995, [1997], ISBN 0471193380, ISBN 978-0-4711-9338-8.
- Ward, S.; Asphaug, E. "Asteroid Impact Tsunami: A Probabilistic Hazard Assessment", Icarus, 2000, Vol. 145, pp. 64–78.
