In Greek mythology, Python (Greek: Πύθων; gen. Πύθωνος) was the serpent, sometimes represented as a medieval-style dragon, living at the center of the Earth, believed by the ancient Greeks to be at Delphi.
Mythology
editPython, sometimes written Pytho, presided at the Delphic oracle, which existed in the cult center for its mother, Gaia, "Earth", Pytho being the place name that was substituted for the earlier Krisa.[1] Greeks considered the site to be the center of the Earth, represented by a stone, the omphalos or navel, which Python guarded.
Python became the chthonic enemy of the later Olympian deity Apollo, who slew it and took over Python's former home and oracle. These were the most famous and revered in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.[2] Like many monsters, Python was known as Gaia's son and prophesied as Gaia's son. In turn, Apollo had to eliminate him before he could establish a temple in Delphi.[3]
Versions and interpretations
edit
There are various versions of Python's birth and death at the hands of Apollo. In the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, now thought to have been composed in 522 BCE when the archaic period in Greek history was giving way to the Classical period,[5] a small detail is provided regarding Apollo's combat with the serpent, in some sections identified as the deadly drakaina, or her parent. The god searching for a place to establish his shrine, reached Delphi and saw the Python, who was a bane to the people. He slew the serpent and declared himself as the owner of the Oracular shrine.
The version related by Hyginus[6] holds that when Zeus lay with the goddess Leto, and she became pregnant with Artemis and Apollo, Hera was jealous and sent Python to pursue Leto throughout the lands, to prevent her from giving birth to the twin gods. Thus, when Apollo was born and was four days old he pursued Python, making his way straight for Mount Parnassus where the serpent dwelled and chased it to the oracle of Gaia at Delphi; there he dared to penetrate the sacred precinct and kill it with his arrows beside the rock cleft where the priestess sat on her tripod. Robert Graves, who habitually read into primitive myths a retelling of archaic political and social turmoil, saw in this the capture by Hellenes of a pre-Hellenic shrine. "To placate local opinion at Delphi," he wrote in The Greek Myths, "regular funeral games were instituted in honor of the dead hero Python, and her priestess was retained in office."
According to an epigram from 159 BC, it seems that Python in particular meant to rape Leto.[7][a] Clearchus of Soli wrote that while Python was pursuing them, Leto stepped on a stone and, holding Apollo in her hands, cried ἵε παῖ (híe paî, meaning "shoot, child") to him, who was holding a bow and arrows.[10]
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The politics are conjectural, but the myth reports that Zeus ordered Apollo to purify himself for the sacrilege and instituted the Pythian Games, over which Apollo was to preside, as penance for his act.
Erwin Rohde wrote that the Python was an earth spirit, who was conquered by Apollo, and buried under the omphalos and that it is a case of one god setting up his temple on the grave of another.[11]
The priestess of the oracle at Delphi became known as the Pythia, after the place-name Pytho, which Greeks explained as named after the rotting (πύθειν) of the slain serpent's corpse in the strength of Hyperion (day) or Helios (the sun).[12]
Karl Kerenyi notes that the older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated.[13] A female dragon named Delphyne (Δελφύνη; cf. δελφύς, "womb"),[14] and a male serpent Typhon (Τυφῶν; from τύφειν, "to smoke"), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python.[15][16] Python was the good daemon (ἀγαθὸς δαίμων) of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion,[17] but she was represented as a dragon, as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East.[18]
This myth has been described as an allegory for the dispersal of the fogs and clouds of vapor that arise from ponds and marshes (Python) by the rays of the Sun (the arrows of Apollo).[19]
See also
edit- Python, a genus of the family Pythonidae, which the genus was named after
Notes
edit- ^ Hymn to Pythian Apollo, l. 254–74: Telphousa recommends to Apollo to build his oracle temple at the site of "Krisa below the glades of Parnassus".
- ^ But also see Dodona, famous in the earliest traditions.
- ^ Pierre Grimal, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, s.v. "Python"
- ^ "Apollo Victorious over the Python". The Walters Art Museum.
- ^ Walter Burkert, "Kynaithos, Polycrates and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo" in Arktouros: Hellenic studies presented to B. M. W. Knox ed. G. W. Bowersock, W. Burkert, M. C. J. Putnam (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1979) pp. 53-62.
- ^ Fabulae 140.
- ^ a b Ogden 2013, p. 47.
- ^ A Greek–English Lexicon s.v. σκυλεύω
- ^ A Greek–English Lexicon s.v. σκυλλώ
- ^ Mayhew et al. 2022, p. 68.
- ^ cf. Rohde, Psyche, p.97.
- ^ Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo, 363-369.
- ^ Kerenyi The Gods of the Greeks 1951:136.
- ^ δελφύς in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ "Many pictures show the serpent Python living in amity with Apollo and guarding the Omphalos. Karl Kerenyi (1951). ed. 1980: The gods of the Greeks, pp. 36–37
- ^ "In a Pompeian fresco Python is lying peacefully on the ground and the priests with the sacred double axe in their hand bring the bull (bouphronion). Jane. H. Harisson (1912): Themis. A study of the social origins of the Greek religion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–424
- ^ In Minoan religion the serpent is the protector of the household (underground stored corn). Also in Greek religion, "snake of the house" (οἰκουρὸς ὄφις) in the temple of Athena at Acropolis, etc., and in Greek folklore. Martin Nilsson, Vol.I, pp. 213–214
- ^ Nordig sagas. Hittite myth of Illuyankas. Also in the Bible: Leviathan. W. Porzig (1930). Illuyankas and Typhon. Kleinasiatische Forschung, pp. 379–386
- ^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana.
References
edit- ^ The ambiguity here lies in the use of the verb chosen, σκυλάω (skuláō), alternative form of σκυλεύω (skuleúō), meaning το strip or despoil a slain enemy of his arms and gear,[7][8] not entirely applicable to the myth of a mother fleeing from danger. Compare also σκυλλώ (skullṓ), meaning "to maltreat, to molest."[9]
- Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion 1985.
- Deane, John Bathurst, The Worship of the Serpent, 1833. Cf. Chapter V., p. 329. [1] [2]
- Farnell, Lewis Richard, The Cults of the Greek States, 1896.
- Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy, Python; a study of Delphic myth and its origins, 1959.
- Goodrich, Norma Lorre, Priestesses, 1990.
- Guthrie, William Keith Chambers, The Greeks and their Gods, 1955.
- Hall, Manly Palmer, The Secret Teachings of All Ages, 1928. Ch. 14 cf. Greek Oracles,www, PRS
- Harrison, Jane Ellen, Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion, 1912. cf. Chapter IX, p. 329 especially, on the slaying of the Python.
- Kerenyi, Karl, (1951) 1980. The Gods of the Greeks especially pp 135–6. [3] [4]
- Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo
- Mayhew, Robert; Mirhady, David C.; Dorandi, Tiziano; White, Stephen (2022). Clearchus of Soli: Text, Translation, and Discussion. New York City, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-70681-4.
- Ogden, Daniel (2013). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955732-5.
- Rohde, Erwin, Psyche, 1925.
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Python"