In philosophy and rhetoric, the principle of charity or charitable interpretation requires interpreting a speaker's statements in the most rational way possible and, in the case of any argument, considering its best, strongest possible interpretation.[1] In its narrowest sense, the goal of this methodological principle is to avoid attributing irrationality, logical fallacies, or falsehoods to the others' statements, when a coherent, rational interpretation of the statements is available. According to Simon Blackburn,[2] "it constrains the interpreter to maximize the truth or rationality in the subject's sayings."
Application
editNeil L. Wilson gave the principle its name in 1958–59. Its main area of application, by his lights, is determining the referent of a proper name:
How should we set about discovering the significance which a person attaches to a given name? […] Let us suppose that somebody (whom I am calling "Charles") makes just the following five assertions containing the name "Caesar." […]
(1) Caesar conquered Gaul. (Gc)
(2) Caesar crossed the Rubicon. (Rc)
(3) Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March. (Mc)
(4) Caesar was addicted to the use of the ablative absolute. (Ac)
(5) Caesar was married to Boadicea. (Bc)
[…] And so we act on what might be called the Principle of Charity. We select as designatum that individual which will make the largest possible number of Charles' statements true. […] We might say the designatum is that individual which satisfies more of the asserted matrices containing the word "Caesar" than does any other individual.[3]
Willard Van Orman Quine[4] and Donald Davidson[5] provide other formulations of the principle of charity. Davidson sometimes referred to it as the principle of rational accommodation. He summarized it: We make maximum sense of the words and thoughts of others when we interpret in a way that optimises agreement. The principle may be invoked to make sense of a speaker's utterances when one is unsure of their meaning. In particular, Quine's use of the principle gives it this latter, wide domain.
Since the time of Quine, other philosophers[who?] have formulated at least four versions of the principle of charity. These alternatives may conflict with one another, so which principle to use may depend on the goal of the conversation. The four principles are:
- The other uses words in the ordinary way;
- The other makes true statements;
- The other makes valid arguments;
- The other says something interesting.
A related principle is the principle of humanity, which states that we must assume that another speaker's beliefs and desires are connected to each other and to reality in some way, and attribute to him or her "the propositional attitudes one supposes one would have oneself in those circumstances" (Daniel Dennett, "Mid-Term Examination," in The Intentional Stance, p. 343).
Dialectical principle of charity
edit
The principle of charity was criticized and modified several times by various philosophers. In 2022 Piotr Sikora and Jakub Prus proposed a developed version, adopted for a critical discussion – dialectical principle of charity (DPC).[6]
DPC constitutes a procedure for a critical discussion and consists of four steps: (i) presupposing the best interpretation of what one said; if needed—(ii) asking whether it was understood correctly; if needed—(iii) formulating some argument against it, analyzing its reasons; if needed—(iv) questioning our own view which contradicts the discussed proposition.[6]
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ Normand Baillargeon: Intellectual Self-Defense. Seven Stories Press 2007, p. 78
- ^ Blackburn, Simon (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 79.
- ^ Neil L. Wilson (June 1959). "Substances without Substrata". The Review of Metaphysics. 12 (4): 521–539. JSTOR 20123725.
- ^ Quine, Willard Van Orman (2013) [1960]. Word and Object. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 54 n. 2.
- ^ Davidson, Donald (1984) [1974]. "Ch. 13: On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme". Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ a b
Jakub Prus; Piotr Sikora (2023). "The Dialectical Principle of Charity: A Procedure for a Critical Discussion". Argumentation. 37 (4): 577–600. doi:10.1007/s10503-023-09615-8.
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