Prenolepis imparis, commonly known as the winter ant, false honey ant, or false honeypot ant, is a species of ant in the genus Prenolepis.[1] The species is found in North America, from Canada to Mexico, nesting deep within the ground. Unusual among ants, Prenolepis imparis prefers lower temperatures, including near freezing, and is only active outside the nest during winter and early spring.[2] Prenolepis imparis enters a hibernation-like state called aestivation during the summer.
| Prenolepis imparis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Prenolepis imparis worker | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Formicinae |
| Genus: | Prenolepis |
| Species: | P. imparis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Prenolepis imparis (Thomas Say, 1836)
| |
P. imparis secretes an opaque white liquid from its abdomen as a defense against other ants, including Linepithema humile.[3] The defensive secretions appear to be derived anatomically from the Dufour's gland and has been shown to contain a mixture of alkanes and alkenes including hexadecene, octadecene, tetradecene, octylcyclohexane, and hexadecane.[4] Secretions from P. imparis have experimentally been shown to often kill L. humile workers.[4]
Subspecies
edit- Prenolepis imparis arizonica Wheeler., 1930
- Prenolepis imparis colimana Wheeler, 1930
- Prenolepis imparis coloradensis Wheeler, 1930
- Prenolepis imparis veracruzensis Wheeler, 1930
References
edit- ^ Bolton, B. (2015). "Prenolepis imparis". AntCat. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ Tschinkel, W. R. (1987). "Seasonal life history and nest architecture of a winter-active ant, Prenolepis imparis". Insectes Sociaux. 34 (3): 143–164. doi:10.1007/bf02224081. S2CID 40411326.
- ^ Sorrells, Trevor R.; Kuritzky, Leah Y.; Kauhanen, Peter G.; Fitzgerald, Katherine; Sturgis, Shelby J.; Chen, Jimmy; Dijamco, Cheri A.; Basurto, Kimberly N.; Gordon, Deborah M. (2011). "Chemical Defense by the Native Winter Ant (Prenolepis imparis) against the Invasive Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile)". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e18717. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...618717S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018717. PMC 3079705. PMID 21526231.
- ^ a b Sorrells, Trevor R.; Kuritzky, Leah Y.; Kauhanen, Peter G.; Fitzgerald, Katherine; Sturgis, Shelby J.; Chen, Jimmy; Dijamco, Cheri A.; Basurto, Kimberly N.; Gordon, Deborah M. (2011-04-19). "Chemical Defense by the Native Winter Ant (Prenolepis imparis) against the Invasive Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile)". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e18717. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...618717S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018717. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3079705. PMID 21526231.
External links
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Media related to Prenolepis imparis at Wikimedia Commons- AntWiki has information on the identification, distribution, and biology of Prenolepis imparis.
