The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with East Asia and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2022) |
Power harassment is a form of harassment and workplace bullying in which someone in a position of greater power uses that power unjustifiably against a lower-ranking person, typically just for display of dominance. It includes a range of behavior from mild irritation and annoyances to serious abuses which can even involve forced activity beyond the boundaries of the job description. Prohibited in some countries, power harassment is considered a form of illegal discrimination and political and psychological abuse. Types of power harassment include physical or psychological attacks, segregation, excessive or demeaning work assignments, and intrusion upon the victim's personal life.[1]
Power harassment may combine with other forms of bullying and harassment, including sexual harassment, public humiliation, character assassination, robbery, property damage and even assault. In the context of sexual harassment, power harassment is distinguished from contra power harassment, in which the harasser is of lower rank than that of the victim, and peer harassment, in which the victim and harasser are of the same rank.[2] The term "political power harassment" was coined by Ramona Rush in a 1993 paper on sexual harassment in academia.[3] Because it operates to reinforce and justify an existing hierarchy, political power harassment can be difficult to assess.[4]
By country
editJapan
editAlthough power harassment is not unique to Japan, it has received significant attention in Japan as a policy and legal problem since the 1990s.[5] A government survey in 2016 found that more than 30% of workers had experienced power harassment in the preceding three years.[6] The Japanese term "power harassment" (パワー・ハラスメント pawa harasumento, often shortened to pawahara) was independently coined by Yasuko Okada of Tokoha Gakuen Junior College in 2002.[7] The Japanese courts have applied the general compensation principle of Article 709 of the Civil Code of Japan to compensate victims of workplace bullying and power harassment.[5]
In 2019, the National Diet adopted the Power Harassment Prevention Act, which amends the Labor Policy Comprehensive Promotion Act to require employers to address power harassment.[6] The 2019 act creates a new Chapter 8 that addresses “remarks and behavior of people taking advantage of their superior positions in the workplace that exceed what is necessary and appropriate for the conduct of business, thereby harming the working environment of employees.”[6][8] The law took effect for large employers on June 1, 2020.[6] It prohibits the retaliatory discharge of employees who complain about power harassment and requires employers to put systems in place for reporting and addressing power harassment.
South Korea
editThe topic of power harassment is known in South Korea as Gapjil, and it has been recently increasingly discussed in Korean media and scholarly works.
Example
editMany workers are forced by their superiors to perform tasks outside of their job description and working hours. It is common for workers to be fired or suffer severe repercussions if they do not satisfy their superior's orders, despite there being no justifiable basis for such orders. Situations exist where employees are treated in a manner that far oversteps the bounds of what is proper between a boss and his or her workers. Someone in a position of power should never be allowed to exercise the power in a bullying or discriminatory fashion. This can create an unhappy and unsafe work environment not just for those being harassed but for the entire work force. Typical examples of power harassment include:
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Power Harassment in the Workplace". Morgan Lewis. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ McKinney, Kathleen (1994). "Sexual harassment and college faculty members". Deviant Behavior. 15 (2): 177. doi:10.1080/01639625.1994.9967966.
- ^ Rush, Ramona R. (2001). "Natural Communications: An Unnatural Act for Mankind?". Critical issues in communication: looking inward for answers. Sage. p. 318. ISBN 9788170369905.
- ^ Rush, Ramona R. (1996). "'Being All That We Can Be'". Women Transforming Communications: Global Intersections. Sage. p. 147. ISBN 9780803972674.
- ^ a b Hsiao, Philip (2015). "Power Harassment: The Tort of Workplace Bullying in Japan". Pacific Basin Law Journal. 32 (2).
- ^ a b c d Sayuri Umeda (2020-06-20). "Japan: Law to Prevent "Powa-Hara" (Power Harassment) Takes Effect". Global Legal Monitor. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ Yasuko Okada (岡田康子) 職場で深刻化する「パワー・ハラスメント」. In TOKYO JINKEN vol. 15. (Published 2002-09-20 by Tokyo Metropolitan Human Rights Promotion Center).
- ^ "労働施策の総合的な推進並びに労働者の雇用の安定及び職業生活の充実等に関する法律 [Labor Policy Comprehensive Promotion Act]" (in Japanese). 第八章 職場における優越的な関係を背景とした言動に起因する問題に関して事業主の講ずべき措置等.
事業主は、職場において行われる優越的な関係を背景とした言動であつて、業務上必要かつ相当な範囲を超えたものによりその雇用する労働者の就業環境が害されることのないよう、当該労働者からの相談に応じ、適切に対応するために必要な体制の整備その他の雇用管理上必要な措置を講じなければならない
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