Portal:Soviet Union

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UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Introduction Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1 The flag of the Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries, and the third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, its government and economy were highly centralized. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was a flagship communist state. Its capital and largest city was Moscow. The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War. The RSFSR and subordinate Soviet republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth, but contributed to a famine between 1930 and 1933 that killed millions. The forced labour camp system of the Gulag was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact but in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers, suffering an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for most Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower. Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded its efforts in space exploration and took a lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states. During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An NPT-designated state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military and economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments. (Full article...) Recognized article - Entries here consist of Good and Featured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards. The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (SSR Abkhazia) was a short-lived republic within the Caucasus region of the Soviet Union that covered the territory of Abkhazia, and existed from 31 March 1921 to 19 February 1931. Formed in the aftermath of the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921, it was independent until 16 December 1921 when it agreed to a treaty that united it with the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR). The SSR Abkhazia was similar to an autonomous Soviet republic, though it retained nominal independence from Georgia and was given certain features only full union republics had, like its own military units. Through its status as a "treaty republic" with Georgia, Abkhazia joined the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which united Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian SSRs into one federal unit when the latter was formed in 1922. The SSR Abkhazia was abolished in 1931 and replaced with the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR. During its existence, the SSR Abkhazia was led by Nestor Lakoba, who served officially as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars but controlled the republic to such an extent that it was jokingly referred to as "Lakobistan". Due to Lakoba's close relationship with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, collectivisation was delayed until after Abkhazia was incorporated into Georgia. Abkhazia remained a major tobacco producer in this era, growing over half of the USSR's supply. It also produced other agricultural produce, including tea, wine, and citrus fruits, leading to Abkhazia being one of the wealthiest regions in the Soviet Union. Its sub-tropical climate also made it a prime holiday destination, with Stalin and other Soviet leaders owning dachas (holiday homes) in the region and spending considerable time there. (Full article...) List of recognized articles Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Katyn massacre Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 Bezhin Meadow Tear down this wall! Battle of Moscow T-34 Tupolev Tu-142 Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Second Battle of Kharkov Transport in the Soviet Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Operation Uranus Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 Winter War First Nagorno-Karabakh War 2nd Red Banner Army Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Laika Battle of Radzymin (1920) 68th Mountain Rifle Division 5th Mechanised Corps (Soviet Union) Deportation of the Crimean Tatars History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) Lavochkin La-7 Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin Katyusha rocket launcher Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Continuation War Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union) Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Lysenkoism Soviet–Albanian split Raid on Constanța Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union History of computing in the Soviet Union Mir Sputnik 1 Punch-up in Piestany Solaris (1972 film) Background of the Winter War Transport in the Soviet Union Welles Declaration Zond 5 Tartu Offensive Swimming at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay Summit Series Selected picture Three people sitting in chairs. Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference with Clement Attlee and Harry Truman. Did you know... - ... that the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, first formed in 1920, has since been renamed three times, most recently as the Udmurt Republic in 1991? ... that tickets bought for the ceremonial opening of Kiev Republican Stadium scheduled for June 22, 1941 were still valid 7 years later, as the event was "postponed until after the Victory" due to the Nazi invasion to the USSR? ... that members of Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church were persecuted by communists in the Soviet Union and were sent to Gulag labour camps in Siberia? ... that collective leadership was seen as the ideal form of governance by Soviet ideologists during the rules of Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev? Selected quote WikiProjects What are WikiProjects? Selected biography - Bure with the Vancouver Canucks in 1997 Pavel Vladimirovich Bure (Russian: Па́вел Влади́мирович Буре́, IPA: [ˈpavʲɪl bʊˈrɛ]; born 31 March 1971) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player who played the right wing position. Nicknamed "the Russian Rocket" for his speed, Bure played for 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers and New York Rangers between 1991 and 2003. Trained in the Soviet Union, he played three seasons with the Central Red Army team before his NHL career. Selected 113th overall in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft by Vancouver, he began his NHL career in the 1991–92 season, and won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the league's best rookie before leading the NHL in goal-scoring in 1993-94 and helping the Canucks to the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals. After seven seasons the Canucks traded Bure to the Panthers, where he won back-to-back Rocket Richard Trophies as the league's leading goal-scorer. Bure struggled with knee injuries throughout his career, resulting in his retirement in 2005 as a member of the Rangers, although he had not played since 2003. He averaged better than a point per game in his NHL career (779 points with 437 goals in 702 NHL games) and is fourth all-time in goals per game. After six years of eligibility, Bure was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in June 2012. In 2017, an NHL panel named Bure one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. (Full article...) List of selected biographies Nikita Khrushchev Lavrentiy Beria George Koval El Lissitzky Dmitri Shostakovich Alexei Kosygin Mikhail Suslov Alexander Alekhine Gennady Yanayev Andrei Kirilenko (politician) Lev Chernyi Eduard Streltsov Vyacheslav Molotov Valentin Pavlov Samantha Smith Ivan Bagramyan Guy Burgess Sergo Ordzhonikidze Vladimir Lenin General images The following are images from various Soviet Union-related articles on Wikipedia. Russian troops meeting German troops in No Man's Land (from Russian Revolution) Soviet painting Vladimir Lenin, by Isaac Brodsky (from Russian Revolution) Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War (from History of the Soviet Union) Bolshevik (1920) by Boris Kustodiev (from October Revolution) "Pogrom in the Winter Palace" by Ivan Vladimirov (from October Revolution) Anniversary of October Revolution in Riga, Soviet Union in 1988 (from October Revolution) Soldiers marching in Petrograd, March 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Russian peasants holding banners of Lenin (left), Marx (centre) and Trotsky (right) in early Soviet Russia. (from Russian Revolution) The Petrograd Soviet Assembly meeting in 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Five Marshals of the Soviet Union in 1935. Only two of them—Budyonny and Voroshilov—survived the Great Purge. Blyukher, Yegorov and Tukhachevsky were executed. (from History of the Soviet Union) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev, and Lashevich. (from October Revolution) Murder of the Romanov family, Le Petit Journal (from Russian Revolution) A revolutionary meeting of Russian soldiers in March 1917 in Dalkarby of Jomala, Åland (from Russian Revolution) Provisional Government's volunteer soldiers secure Petrograd's Palace Square with the Austin Armoured Car, summer 1917. (from Russian Revolution) Cruiser Aurora (from October Revolution) The Battle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II (from History of the Soviet Union) The Russian famine of 1921–22 killed an estimated 5 million people. (from History of the Soviet Union) A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters. (from October Revolution) Country emblems of the Soviet Republics before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union (the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind and the emblem is unofficial.) (from History of the Soviet Union) The elections to the Constituent Assembly took place in November 1917. The Bolsheviks won 24% of the vote. (from October Revolution) T-80 tank on Red Square during the August Coup (from History of the Soviet Union) Russian Civil War in the European part of Russia (from History of the Soviet Union) Revolutionaries attacking the tsarist police in the early days of the February Revolution (from Russian Revolution) The New York Times headline from 9 November 1917 (from October Revolution) Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993 (from History of the Soviet Union) Forward gun of Aurora that fired the signal shot (from October Revolution) Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements (from Russian Revolution) Nikolai Podgorny visiting Tampere, Finland on 16 October 1969 (from History of the Soviet Union) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev and Lashevich. (from Russian Revolution) Red Guard unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917 (from October Revolution) The 2nd Moscow Women Death Battalion protecting the Winter Palace as the last guards of the stronghold (from Russian Revolution) From left to right, the Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confer in Tehran, 1943 (from History of the Soviet Union) On 21 December 1991, the leaders of 11 former Soviet republics, including Russia and Ukraine, agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). (from History of the Soviet Union) Revolutionaries protesting in February 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Soldiers blocking Narva Gate on Bloody Sunday (from Russian Revolution) American, British, and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army. (from Russian Revolution) Lenin, Trotsky and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from October Revolution) Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria with Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, on his lap. As head of the NKVD, Beria was responsible for many political repressions in the Soviet Union. (from History of the Soviet Union) Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and US President Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II arms limitation treaty in Vienna on 18 June 1979. (from History of the Soviet Union) Petrograd Milrevcom proclamation about the deposing of the Russian Provisional Government (from October Revolution) European theatre of the Russian Civil War in 1918 (from October Revolution) Residents of Leningrad leave their homes destroyed by German bombing. About 1 million civilians died during the 871-day Siege of Leningrad, mostly from starvation. (from History of the Soviet Union) The Pan-European Picnic took place in August 1989 on the Hungarian-Austrian border. (from History of the Soviet Union) Mikhail Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with US President Ronald Reagan (left), 1985 (from History of the Soviet Union) Russian troops in trenches awaiting a German attack (from Russian Revolution) Map showing the greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and the sovereign states that it dominated politically, economically and militarily in 1960, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 but before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961 (total area: c. 35,000,000 km2) (from History of the Soviet Union) Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (left) with US President John F. Kennedy in Vienna, 3 June 1961 (from History of the Soviet Union) Lenin, Trotsky, and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from History of the Soviet Union) Selected anniversaries for September Knowledge Day - 1 September - was the day when the school year traditionally started in the Soviet Union. Day of Conception - 12 September - was made popular by the region of Ulyanovsk, birthplace of Vladimir Lenin. More anniversaries ... More Did you know (auto generated) ... that the 1972 Finnish film The Sheep Eaters gathered more than a million viewers opposite the 1975 Ice Hockey World Championships match between Finland and the Soviet Union? ... that agronomist Oliver Golden remained in the Soviet Union after his delegation of cotton experts returned to the United States? ... that during the first tour to the Soviet Union by any American ballet company, Lupe Serrano danced the first encore in the American Ballet Theatre's history? ... that Estonian minister of war Paul Lill resigned in 1939, citing the unacceptable conditions of the Bases Treaty with the Soviet Union? ... that a 1955 satirical comedy play by Kasymaly Jantöshev was one of the first signs of the relaxation of Soviet literary restrictions after the death of Joseph Stalin? ... that the literary magazine Adabijoti Soveti was the sole remaining publication in the Jewish-Bukharian language by the time of the switch to the Cyrillic script in 1939–1940? 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(2024-01-08) 1964 European Nations' Cup final (2024-06-19) Main page featured lists List of leaders of the Soviet Union (2011-07-18) Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2016-02-22) Premier of the Soviet Union (2016-12-26) List of battlecruisers of Russia (2021-04-02) First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (2023-08-11) In the News articles Mikhail Gorbachev (1969-12-31) Vladimir Putin (2004-02-24) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (2008-08-04) Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow (2008-12-07) Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam (2009-08-17) Memorial (society) (2009-10-22) Vitaly Ginzburg (2009-11-09) Yegor Gaidar (2009-12-16) Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (2010-01-01) 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade (2010-05-09) Andrei Voznesensky (2010-06-02) Gennady Yanayev (2010-09-26) Andre Geim (2010-10-05) Konstantin Novoselov (2010-10-05) Yekaterina Gamova (2010-11-14) Katyn massacre (2010-11-26) International Women's Day (2011-03-08) Nikolai Andrianov (2011-03-21) Sergei Bagapsh (2011-05-29) Alexander Sokurov (2011-09-10) GLONASS (2011-10-05) Bolshoi Theatre (2011-10-28) Baikonur Cosmodrome (2011-12-23) Galina Vishnevskaya (2012-12-16) Mikhail Kalashnikov (2013-12-23) Tatiana Samoilova (2014-05-08) Viktor Tikhonov (born 1930) (2014-11-24) Valentin Rasputin (2015-03-18) Maya Plisetskaya (2015-05-02) Yevgeny Primakov (2015-06-26) Galina Prozumenshchikova (2015-07-21) Robert Conquest (2015-08-05) Svetlana Alexievich (2015-10-08) Leonid Zhabotinsky (2016-01-19) Viktor Korchnoi (2016-06-07) Mark Taimanov (2016-11-29) Yevgeny Yevtushenko (2017-04-07) Daniil Granin (2017-07-08) Stanislav Petrov (2017-09-18) 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (2018-05-30) Baikonur (2018-10-11) Lyudmila Alexeyeva (2018-12-09) Anatoly Lukyanov (2019-01-11) Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (2019-02-03) Nursultan Nazarbayev (2019-03-20) Valery Bykovsky (2019-04-01) Willi Tokarev (2019-08-06) Sergei Kirpichenko (2019-09-07) Irina Bogacheva (mezzo-soprano) (2019-09-23) Alexei Leonov (2019-10-12) Vladimir Bukovsky (2019-10-28) Ivan Ustinov (2020-01-20) Yuri Viktorovich Kuznetsov (2020-01-26) Yevgeny Yuryev (2020-04-27) Maria Itkina (2020-12-03) George Blake (2020-12-27) David Dushman (2021-06-07) Viktor Pavlovich Potapov (2021-06-26) Vladimir Menshov (2021-07-13) Volodymyr Holubnychy (2021-08-20) Viktor Saneyev (2022-01-09) Leonid Kuravlyov (2022-02-04) Oleksandr Oksanchenko (2022-03-06) Russian cruiser Moskva (2022-04-15) Aleksei Parshin (2022-06-24) Oleksiy Zhuravko (2022-09-27) Nikolai Kirtok (2022-10-01) Andrey Titenko (2022-11-04) Volodymyr Kozhukhar (2022-12-09) Yuri Manin (2023-01-14) Ivan Silayev (2023-02-11) Vyacheslav Zaitsev (2023-05-06) Medea Amiranashvili (2023-12-09) Otar Iosseliani (2023-12-19) Nikolai Ryzhkov (2024-03-03) Sergei Novikov (mathematician) (2024-06-08) Vladimir Bure (2024-09-10) Picture of the day pictures German instrument of surrender2 (2009-05-07) Instrument of surrender Japan2 (2009-09-02) Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W) (2010-05-08) USS Yorktown collision (2011-02-12) Maxim Gorky LOC Restored edit1 (2013-03-28) Yuri Gagarin (1961) - Restoration (2020-03-09) Alexei Leonov (2020-03-18) Field Marshall Keitel signs German surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration (2020-05-08) RUS-2016-Murmansk-Icebreaker Lenin 01 (2020-06-08) Moscow Elektrozavodskaya metro station asv2018-09 (2022-02-26) Russian Imperial Family 1913 (2022-07-17) Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender, officially ending the Second World War (2022-09-02) 2020-09-16 165855 Soviet submarine B-515 (2023-04-18) Prokofieff (i.e. Prokofiev) LCCN2014708419 Crop 2 (2023-07-25) Main topics Categories Category puzzle Select [►] to view subcategories Soviet Union Soviet Union-related lists Culture of the Soviet Union Economy of the Soviet Union Education in the Soviet Union Events in the Soviet Union Geography of the Soviet Union Health in the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union Law of the Soviet Union Military of the Soviet Union Organizations based in the Soviet Union Soviet people Politics of the Soviet Union Science and technology in the Soviet Union Society of the Soviet Union Works about the Soviet Union Writers about the Soviet Union Soviet Union stubs Things you can do Привет and welcome! 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