Plough Monday is the traditional start of the English agricultural year. Plough Monday is the first Monday after Epiphany, 6 January.[1][2] References to Plough Monday date back to the late 15th century.[2] The day before Plough Monday is referred to as Plough Sunday, in which a ploughshare is brought into the local Christian church (such as the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions) with prayers for the blessing of human labour, tools, as well as the land.[3][4]
History
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The day traditionally saw the resumption of work after the Christmas period in some areas, particularly in northern England and East England.[6] The customs observed on Plough Monday varied by region, but a common feature to a lesser or greater extent was for a plough to be hauled from house to house in a procession, collecting money. They were often accompanied by musicians, an old woman or a boy dressed as an old woman, called the "Bessy," and a man in the role of the "fool." 'Plough Pudding' is a boiled suet pudding, containing meat and onions. It is from Norfolk and is eaten on Plough Monday.[1]
In the fifteenth century, churches lit candles called "plough lights" to bless farmworkers. Some parishes kept a plough in the church for those who did not own one, and in some parishes, the plough was paraded around the village to raise money for the church. This practice seems to have died out after the Reformation.[7]
While religious Plough Monday celebrations were suppressed, private observances continued. The most common custom involved dragging a plough and collecting money.[8] The Plough Monday celebrants were known by a variety of regional names, including Plough Boys, Bullocks, Lads, Jacks, Stots, and Witches. The Plough Boys usually dressed in costume, often with one or more in female clothing.[9]
William Hone made use of Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain: Including the Whole of Mr. Bourne's Antiquitates Vulgares (1777) by the antiquary John Brand. Brand's work (with additions by Henry Ellis) mentions a northern English Plough Monday custom also observed in the beginning of Lent. Evidently the Plough dance depicted by Phiz in his illustrations for Harrison Ainsworth's 1858 novel Mervyn Clitheroe, and Ainsworth's description, is based on this or a similar account:[10]
The FOOL PLOUGH goes about: a pageant consisting of a number of sword dancers dragging a plough, with music; one, sometimes two, in very strange attire; the Bessy, in the grotesque habit of an old woman, and the Fool, almost covered with skins, a hairy cap on, and the tail of some animal hanging from his back. The office of one of these characters, in which he is very assiduous, is to go about rattling a box amongst the spectators of the dance, in which he receives their little donations.[11]
In the Isles of Scilly, locals would cross-dress and then visit their neighbours to joke about local occurrences. There would be guise dancing and considerable drinking and revelry.[12]
Modern observances
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Plough Monday customs declined in the 19th century. The advent of mechanised farming meant that agricultural workers were less numerous and relatively better paid, and thus did not have to beg for money in the winter. Though some Plough Monday customs continued into the 1930s, they did not continue past the beginning of the Second World War. From the 1960s, Plough Monday customs began to be revived following the second British folk revival.[13] In 1972, the tradition of traveling around the village with a plough to collect money was revived at Balsham in Cambridgeshire.[14] Subsequently, the Cambridge Morris Men revived the practice of Plough Monday molly dancing in 1977.[15] They are now mainly associated with Molly dancing and a good example can be seen each year at Maldon in Essex. Livery Companies in the City of London, notably the Worshipful Company of Feltmakers hold a traditional banquet with a medieval sung grace, with the response from those gathered of 'God speed the plough'.
Whittlesey Straw Bear festival
editIn the Cambridgeshire villages of Ramsey and Whittlesey during the nineteenth century, men or boys would dress in a layer of straw and were known as straw bears, who went door to door dancing for money. The tradition, which died out around the time of the First World War, was revived in 1980 at Whittlesey.[16] The revived straw bear tradition is practiced annually on the Saturday before Plough Monday, when a straw bear is paraded through the village's streets.[17]
Goathland Plough Stots
editBased in Goathland, North Yorkshire, on every Plough Monday, the Goathland Plough Stots perform a Long Sword dance.[18]
See also
edit- Distaff Day, 7 January, the day that household work traditionally resumed after the Christmas season
- Hobby horse#Plough Monday mummers
- Mummers' play#Local seasonal variants
- Royal Ploughing Ceremony, a royal rite in mainland Southeast Asia
- Plugușorul, a Romanian ploughing celebration on Saint Basil's Eve (New Year's Eve)
References
edit- ^ a b Hone, William (1826). The Every-Day Book. London: Hunt and Clarke. p. 71.
- ^ a b "Plough Monday". Oxford English Dictionary (online edition, subscription required). Retrieved 1 December 2006.
- ^ "After Epiphany, the Twelfth Night of Christmas". St. Andrew Lutheran Church. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
Sunday celebrations usually involved bringing a ploughshare into a church with prayers for the blessing of the land.
- ^ Nicholls, Janet (2006). "Plough Sunday" (PDF). Diocese of Chelmsford. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
- ^ Jo Draper (January 2010). "Plough Monday in Dorchester". Dorset Life Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ Millington, Peter (1979). "Plough Monday Customs in England". Folk Play Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland. Master Mummers. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
- ^ Roud, Stephen (2006). The English Year: A Month-by-Month Guide to the Nation's Customs and Festivals, from May Day to Mischief Night. Penguin. p. 20.
- ^ Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England. Oxford University Press. pp. 126–127.
- ^ Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England. Oxford University Press. p. 127.
- ^ "Hone's Every-Day Book". The material is omitted from the Plough Monday entry in the Revised edition of Brand of 1905. [1]
- ^ John Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities (1777). Loc. in new edition with the additions of Sir Henry Ellis (Chatto and Windus, London 1900), p. 273-274.
- ^ "Plough Monday", The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Sports, Pastimes, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, and Events, Each of the Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days, in Past and Present Times; Forming a Complete History of the Year, Months, and Seasons, and a Perpetual Key to the Almanac, Including Accounts of the Weather, Rules for Health and Conduct, Remarkable and Important Anecdotes, Facts, and Notices, in Chronology, Antiquities, Topography, Biography, Natural History, Art, Science, and General Literature; Derived from the Most Authentic Sources, and Valuable Original Communication, with Poetical Elucidations, for Daily Use and Diversion. Vol III., ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) p 81. Retrieved on 6 June 2008
- ^ Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–133.
- ^ "Balsham to Mark 50 Years Since Plough Monday Revival". BBC News. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
- ^ Irvine, Richard D. G. (2018). "Following the Bear: The revival of Plough Monday traditions and the performance of rural identity in the East Anglian fenlands". Ethnoscripts. 20 (1): 21.
- ^ Roud, Stephen (2006). The English Year: A Month-by-Month Guide to the Nation's Customs and Festivals, from May Day to Mischief Night. Penguin. pp. 24–25.
- ^ Project Britain
- ^ Lloyd, Chris (6 January 2009). "Are the bells tolling for a great English tradition?". The Northern Echo. p. 3. ISSN 2043-0442.