The Pigeon River is a small river flowing to Lake Michigan on the western Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is approximately 12.9 miles (20.8 km) long[4][a] and drains an area of 61.7 square miles (160 km2)[6][b] in a generally rural area situated between the cities of Holland and Grand Haven. Via Lake Michigan and the larger Great Lakes system, it is part of the watershed of the St. Lawrence River.
| Pigeon River | |
|---|---|
 The Pigeon River in Hemlock Crossing Park in Port Sheldon Township | |
 A map of the Pigeon River and its watershed. | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Ottawa |
| Townships | Olive, Port Sheldon |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Olive Township |
| • coordinates | 42°55′09″N 86°02′41″W / 42.9191895°N 86.044766°W[2] |
| • elevation | 625 ft (191 m)[1] |
| Mouth | Lake Michigan |
• location | Port Sheldon Township |
• coordinates | 42°54′04″N 86°12′55″W / 42.9011315°N 86.2153253°W[2] |
• elevation | 581 ft (177 m)[2] |
| Length | 12.9 miles (20.8 km) |
| Basin size | 61.7 sq mi (160 km2) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | mouth |
| • average | 64.53 cu ft/s (1.827 m3/s) (estimate)[3] |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Lake Michigan—Lake Huron—St. Clair—Lake St. Clair—Detroit—Lake Erie—Niagara—Lake Ontario—St. Lawrence—Atlantic Ocean |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Sawyer Creek, Ten Hagen Creek |
| Waterbodies | Pigeon Lake |
| Hydrologic Unit Codes | 040500020302, 040500020303 (USGS) |
Course
editThe Pigeon River's watershed and course are located entirely in western Ottawa County. The river is formed by a confluence of agricultural drainage ditches in Olive Township[5] and flows generally west-southwestward into Port Sheldon Township. After flowing through Pigeon Lake,[7] which is the only lake in the river's watershed,[5] it flows into Lake Michigan in Port Sheldon Township, approximately 9.5 miles (15.3 km) northwest of Holland and 11.3 miles (18.2 km) south of Grand Haven.[8]
Two county-operated public parks, Pigeon Creek Park[9] and Hemlock Crossing,[10] are located along the lower course of the river. The river has been stocked annually with brown trout by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources since 2003.[11]
Watershed characteristics
editThe Pigeon River watershed is located in portions of seven townships of Ottawa County:[5][c]
| Township | Area of township in watershed | Percentage of watershed in township |
|---|---|---|
| Blendon | 13.3 square miles (34 km2) | 20.5% |
| Grand Haven | 1 square mile (2.6 km2) | 1.5% |
| Olive | 24.2 square miles (63 km2) | 37.4% |
| Park | 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2) | 1.9% |
| Port Sheldon | 17.9 square miles (46 km2) | 27.7% |
| Robinson | 6.8 square miles (18 km2) | 10.5% |
| Zeeland | 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) | 0.5% |
Formerly covered by forests and wetlands including a black ash swamp that covered 75% of the watershed,[5] by the 1920s most of the watershed had been cleared and drained for agriculture. Portions of the watershed were reforested in the 1940s to control wind erosion.[12] A 1997 watershed management plan found that approximately half of the land in the Pigeon River watershed was used for agriculture, with most of this area in Blendon, Olive, and Robinson townships. Agricultural production in the watershed included ornamental nursery crops, Christmas tree, blueberries, upland vegetables, field crops, turkeys, poultry eggs, beef and dairy cattle, and hogs.
Land use in the watershed as of 1992 was as follows:[5][d]
| Land use | Percentage | Area |
|---|---|---|
| Agriculture | 49% | 31.7 square miles (82 km2) |
| Forest | 36% | 23.3 square miles (60 km2) |
| Rural residential | 5% | 3.2 square miles (8.3 km2) |
| Wetland | 1% | 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) |
| Other uses | 9% | 5.8 square miles (15 km2) |
Tributaries
editThis is a list of named streams in the Pigeon River watershed (aside from the Pigeon River itself), as identified by the National Hydrography Dataset. The list's default order is from the mouth of the river to its source.[e]
| Name | Flows into | Length[4] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ten Hagen Creek[13] | Pigeon River | 5.5 miles (8.9 km) |
| 2 | Sawyer Creek[14] | Pigeon River | 1.8 miles (2.9 km) |
| 3 | Owens and Sawyer Drain[15] | unnamed tributary of Sawyer Creek | 1.8 miles (2.9 km) |
| 4 | Walters Drain[16] | Pigeon River | 2.7 miles (4.3 km) |
| 5 | Blendon and Olive Drain[17] | Sycamore Creek | 2.3 miles (3.7 km) |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The 12.9 miles (20.8 km) figure is from the National Hydrography Dataset. The length is given as 11.8 miles (19.0 km) in the 1997 Pigeon River Watershed Project, Ottawa County, Michigan: Comprehensive Nonpoint Source Watershed Management Plan.[5]
- ^ The 61.7 square miles (160 km2) figure is from the National Hydrographic Dataset, a sum of the areas of subwatersheds 040500020302 and 040500020303. The figure is given as 64.7 square miles (168 km2) in the 1997 Pigeon River Watershed Project, Ottawa County, Michigan: Comprehensive Nonpoint Source Watershed Management Plan.[5]
- ^ Figures reflect the 1997 watershed management plan's calculation of the watershed size as 64.7 square miles (168 km2).
- ^ Figures reflect the 1997 watershed management plan's calculation of the watershed size as 64.7 square miles (168 km2).
- ^ A more extensive list of named county drains (agricultural ditches) in the watershed is provided in the 1997 Pigeon River Watershed Project, Ottawa County, Michigan: Comprehensive Nonpoint Source Watershed Management Plan.[5]
References
edit- ^ The National Map elevation query for coordinates given in cited GNIS record, http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/. Retrieved on 2016-10-16.
- ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pigeon River
- ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Watershed Report: Pigeon River". WATERS GeoViewer. Archived from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data from The National Map, accessed 2016-10-16 and viewed in ArcMap.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pigeon River Watershed Advisory Committee (August 1997). "Pigeon River Watershed Project, Ottawa County, Michigan: Comprehensive Nonpoint Source Watershed Management Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset, area data covering Pigeon River watershed (12-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes 040500020302 and 040500020303), viewed in The National Map, accessed 2016-10-13.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pigeon Lake
- ^ The National Map, accessed 2016-10-16.
- ^ Ottawa County Parks & Recreation. "Pigeon Creek Park". Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ Ottawa County Parks & Recreation. "Hemlock Crossing". Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ Michigan Department of Natural Resources. "Fish Stocking Database". Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ MacDonald, Neil W. (2009-10-26). "Ottawa County County's Pigeon River: A Qualified Success Story" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-16. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ten Hagen Creek
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sawyer Creek
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Owens and Sawyer Drain
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walters Drain
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Blendon and Olive Drain