Phyllopsora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.[3]
| Phyllopsora | |
|---|---|
| |
| Phyllopsora furfuracea in Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, Florida | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Ramalinaceae |
| Genus: | Phyllopsora Müll.Arg. (1894) |
| Type species | |
| Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
The characteristics of a fossilized Phyllopsora, P. dominicana, found in Dominican amber, suggests that the main distinguishing features of the genus have remained unchanged for tens of millions of years.[4]
Taxonomy
editThe genus was circumscribed by the Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1894, with Phyllopsora breviuscula assigned as the type species.[5]
In 2019, a proposal was made to conserve the name Phyllopsora against the earlier names Triclinum and Crocynia.[6] This was due to Phyllopsora including species that are the types of these earlier generic names, which would have priority. The proposal argued that conserving Phyllopsora would be the least disruptive option, as taking up Triclinum would require 56 new combinations, while Crocynia included many species now considered to belong to other genera. In 2024, the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi recommended conservation of Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia, with 80% of the committee voting in favour.[7]
Description
editThe genus Phyllopsora is distinguished by its scale-like (squamulose) to almost leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) that often has a distinct border (prothallus). Its reproductive structures, known as asci, have a unique feature: an amyloid dome and a narrow, cone-shaped central structure. The fruiting bodies (apothecia) of this genus are made up of highly gelatinized (jelly-like) fungal threads. These threads show no clear separation between the different structural layers of the apothecium, and this gelatinised texture is consistent throughout the central and marginal areas of the apothecium as well as in the supporting structures (paraphyses). The ascospores produced by Phyllopsora are small, with thin walls, and are typically not divided into separate compartments (rarely septate).[8]
Species
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As of December 2023[update], Species Fungorum accepts 48 species of Phyllopsora:[9]
- Phyllopsora amazonica Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
- Phyllopsora atrocarpa Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
- Phyllopsora buettneri (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1926)
- Phyllopsora borbonica Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
- Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
- Phyllopsora castaneocincta (Hue) Kistenich & Timdal (2019)
- Phyllopsora catervisorediata G.K.Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka (2011)[13] – India
- Phyllopsora chodatinica Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
- Phyllopsora cinchonarum (Fée) Timdal (2008)[11]
- Phyllopsora cognata (Nyl.) Timdal (2011)[15]
- Phyllopsora concinna Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
- Phyllopsora conwayensis Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
- Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
- Phyllopsora dodongensis S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2020)[16] – South Korea
- Phyllopsora dolichospora Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
- Phyllopsora dominicana Rikkinen (2008)[4]
- Phyllopsora foliata (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1926)
- Phyllopsora foliatella Elix (2006)[17] – Australia
- Phyllopsora furfuracea (Pers.) Zahlbr. (1905)
- Phyllopsora furfurella Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
- Phyllopsora glaucella (Vain.) Timdal (2008)[11]
- Phyllopsora glaucescens Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
- Phyllopsora gossypina (Sw.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
- Phyllopsora himalayensis G.K.Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka (2011)[13] – India
- Phyllopsora hispaniolae Timdal (2011)[15]
- Phyllopsora homosekikaica Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
- Phyllopsora imshaugii Timdal (2011)[15]
- Phyllopsora isidiosa Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
- Phyllopsora lividocarpa Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
- Phyllopsora loekoesii S.Y.Kondr., Farkas, S.O.Oh & Hur (2016)[18]
- Phyllopsora magna Kaasalainen, Rikkinen & A.R.Schmidt (2017)[19]
- Phyllopsora methoxymicareica Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
- Phyllopsora nemoralis Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
- Phyllopsora neofoliata Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
- Phyllopsora neotinica Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
- Phyllopsora nigrocincta Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
- Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
- Phyllopsora phaeobyssina (Vain.) Timdal (2011)[15]
- Phyllopsora pocsii Vězda (2003)
- Phyllopsora pseudocorallina Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[20] – Asia; Africa
- Phyllopsora pyxinoides (Nyl.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
- Phyllopsora rappiana (Brako) Elix (2006)[17] – Australia
- Phyllopsora rosei Coppins & P.James (1979)[21] – Europe
- Phyllopsora sabahana Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[20] – Malaysia
- Phyllopsora siamensis Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[20] – Thailand
- Phyllopsora soralifera Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
- Phyllopsora subhyalina (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1926)
- Phyllopsora swinscowii Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
- Phyllopsora teretiuscula Timdal (2011)[15]
- Phyllopsora tobagensis Timdal (2011)[15]
References
edit- ^ "Synonymy: Phyllopsora Müll. Arg". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ Fée, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire (1825). Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot père et fils. p. 146; plate 33.4.
- ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
- ^ a b Rikkinen, Jouko; Poinar, George O. (2008). "A new species of Phyllopsora (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from Dominican amber, with remarks on the fossil history of lichens". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (5): 1007–1011. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern004. PMID 18319239.
- ^ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 1–114.
- ^ Kistenich, Sonja; Ekman, Stefan; Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Einar (2019). "(2687) Proposal to conserve the name Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 68 (3): 590–592. doi:10.1002/tax.12075.
- ^ May, Tom W. (2024). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 24". Taxon. 73 (2): 622–630. doi:10.1002/tax.13148.
- ^ Brako, Lois (1991). Phyllopsora (Bacidiaceae). Flora Neotropica. Vol. 55. New York Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–66. JSTOR 4393825.
- ^ Species Fungorum. "Phyllopsora". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "Towards an integrative taxonomy of Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae)". The Lichenologist. 51 (4): 323–392. doi:10.1017/s0024282919000252.
- ^ a b c d e f g Timdal, Einar (2008). "Studies on Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Peru". The Lichenologist. 40 (4): 337–362. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007846.
- ^ a b c d Timdal, E.; Krog, H. (2001). "Further studies on African species of the lichen genus Phyllopsora (Lecanorales)". Mycotaxon. 77: 57–89.
- ^ a b Mishra, G.K.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S.; Haridas, B. (2011). "New taxa and new reports of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycotina) from India". Mycotaxon. 115: 29–44. doi:10.5248/115.29.
- ^ a b c d e Elix, J.A. (2006). "Five new species of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 59: 23–29.
- ^ a b c d e f Timdal, E. (2011). "The lichen genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in the West Indies". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 319–351.
- ^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Upreti, D.K.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Ingle, K. K.; Orlov, O.O.; Kondratiuk, A. S.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 10" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (1–2): 69–108. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.6.
- ^ a b Elix, J.A. (2006). "Additional lichen records from Australia 56". Australasian Lichenology. 58: 4–13.
- ^ Kondratyuk, S. Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J. P.; Upreti, D. K.; Mishra, G. K.; Haji Moniri, M.; Farkas, E.; Park, J. S.; Lee, B. G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Jayalal, R. G. U.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2016). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 5" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 58 (3–4): 319–396 [349]. doi:10.1556/ABot.58.2016.3-4.7.
- ^ Kaasalainen, U.; Heinrichs, J.; Renner, M.A.M.; Hedenäs, L.; Schäfer-Verwimp, A.; Lee, G.E.; Ignatov, M.S.; Rikkinen, J.; Schmidt, A.R. (2017). "A Caribbean epiphyte community preserved in Miocene Dominican amber". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 321–331. doi:10.1017/S175569101700010X. hdl:10138/234078.
- ^ a b c Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Vairappan, Charles S.; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wijesundara, Siril; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "A regional study of the genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Asia and Melanesia". MycoKeys (53): 23–72. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.53.33425. PMC 6551344. PMID 31191113.
- ^ Coppins, B.J.; James, P.W. (1979). "New or interesting British lichens IV". The Lichenologist. 11 (2): 139–179. doi:10.1017/s0024282979000190.