Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, commonly known as the gilled bolete,[1] is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. Like other species in the genus, it has a lamellate (gilled) hymenium and forms a mycorrhizal association with the roots of living trees, specifically beech and oak in North and Central America.
| Phylloporus rhodoxanthus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | Phylloporus |
| Species: | P. rhodoxanthus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Phylloporus rhodoxanthus | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Agaricus rhodoxanthus Schwein. (1822) | |
Taxonomy
editThe species was first described from North Carolina as Agaricus rhodoxanthus by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822.[2] Giacomo Bresadola transferred it to Phylloporus in 1900.[3]
Description
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The cap is initially convex before flattening out in age, sometimes developing a central depression; it attains a diameter of 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in). The cap margin is initially curved inward. The cap surface is dry, with a somewhat velvet-like texture, and often develops cracks in maturity that reveal the pale yellow flesh underneath. Its color ranges from dull red to reddish brown, to reddish yellow, or olive brown. The flesh has no distinct taste or odor. The gills are decurrent to somewhat decurrent, and well-spaced. They are deep yellow to greenish-yellow, often wrinkled, and usually have cross-veins in the spaces between the gills; these cross-veins sometimes give the gills a somewhat pore-like appearance. The cylindrical stem measures 4–7.5 cm (1.6–3.0 in) long by 7.5 cm (3.0 in) thick, and is often tapered toward the base. The stem is firm and solid (i.e., not hollow), and yellow, with yellow mycelium at the base. It frequently has longitudinal grooves extending down from the gills.[4]
Phylloporus rhodoxanthus produces an olivaecous yellow-brown spore print. Spores are elliptical to spindle-shaped, smooth, and measure 9–14 by 3.5–5 μm.[4]
Similar species
editIn North America, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus can be confused with: P. leucomycelinus, distinguished by the presence of white mycelium at the base of its stem; P. arenicola, associated with pines in western North America; P. boletinoides, present in southern North America and having a subporoid, olive-yellow hymenium; and P. foliiporus, also present in southern North America and microscopically distinguished by the presence of cystidia.[5]
Uses
editPhylloporus rhodoxanthus | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex or flat |
 | Hymenium is adnate or decurrent |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is brown to yellow |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible |
Fruit bodies are edible and considered good by some.[6][7] The flavor has been described as "tender and nutty", and drying the fruit bodies first enhances the flavor. Suitable culinary uses include sauteing, adding to sauces or stuffings, or raw as a colorful garnish.[7] They are also used by hobbyists to make mushroom dyes of beige, greenish beige, or gold colors, depending on the mordant used.[8]
Habitat and distribution
editThe fruit bodies of Phylloporus rhodoxanthus grow on the ground singly or in small groups in deciduous forests of oak and beech.[5] The species has a wide distribution in North America, where it fruits from July to October,[9] and has also been reported from Belize.[5] The name was formerly applied to Phylloporus species from Asia (China,[10] India,[11] and Taiwan),[12] Australia,[13] and Europe,[14] but more recent research has shown that these non-American records refer to different species.[5][15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Wood M, Stevens F. "California Fungi: Phylloporus rhodoxanthus". Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ von Schweinitz LD. (1822). "Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris". Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Leipzig (in German). 1: 20–131 (see p. 83).
- ^ Bresadola G. (1900). Fungi Tridentini (in Latin). Vol. 2. Tridenti, lith. typ. J. Zippel. pp. 82–118.
- ^ a b Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 150. ISBN 0-8131-9039-8.
- ^ a b c d Neves NA, Halling RE. (2010). "Study on species of Phylloporus. I - Neotropics and North America". Mycologia. 102 (4): 923–43. doi:10.3852/09-215. PMID 20648759.
- ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ a b Kuo M. (2007). 100 edible mushrooms. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 200–2. ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9.
- ^ Bessette A, Bessette AR (2001). The Rainbow Beneath my Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-8156-0680-X.
- ^ Phillips R. (2005). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 253. ISBN 1-55407-115-1.
- ^ Bin L, Dong YR, Hou WG, Tong LH, Yuan S (2007). "Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Jiangsu Province, China". Pedosphere. 17 (1): 30–5. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60004-6.
- ^ Abraham SP. (1993). "Larger fungi from Kashmir-X". Indian Journal of Forestry. 16 (3): 204–13. ISSN 0250-524X.
- ^ Yeh KW, Chen ZC (1980). "The boletes of Taiwan I". Taiwania. 25: 166–84. ISSN 0372-333X.
- ^ Fuhrer B. (2005). A Field Guide to Australian Fungi. Melbourne: Bloomings Books. p. 139; 185. ISBN 1-876473-51-7.
- ^ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Frances Lincoln. p. 346. ISBN 0-7112-2378-5.
- ^ Neves MA, Binder M, Halling R, Hibbett D, Soytong K (2012). "The phylogeny of selected Phylloporus species, inferred from NUC-LSU and ITS sequences, and descriptions of new species from the Old World". Fungal Diversity. 55 (1): 109–23. doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0154-0. S2CID 17272328.
External links
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Media related to Phylloporus rhodoxanthus at Wikimedia Commons