Phoenix (February 1973 – 30 September 1995) was an IBM mainframe computer at Cambridge University's Computer Laboratory. "Phoenix/MVS" was also the name of the computer's operating system, written in-house by Computer Laboratory members.[1] Its DNS hostname was phx.cam.ac.uk.[2]
Hardware
editThe Phoenix system was an IBM 370/165. It was made available for test purposes to 20 selected users, via consoles in the public console room, in February 1973. The following month, the Computing Service petitioned the Computer Board for an extra mebibyte of store, to double the amount of storage that the machine had. The petition was accepted and the extra store was delivered in September 1973.[3]
Communications
editThe IBM-supplied Telecommunications Access Method (TCAM) and communications controller were replaced in 1975 by a system, called Parrot, that was created locally by the staff of the Computer Laboratory, comprising their own software and a PDP-11 complex. Their goal in doing so was to provide a better user interface than was available with a standard IBM system, alongside greater flexibility, reliability, and efficiency. They wanted to support 300 terminals. The initial system, supplied in 1972, comprised the PDP-11 emulating an IBM 2703 transmission control unit, which TCAM communicated with just as though it were a 2703. The PDP-11 was used instead of a bank of 2703s because for a projected 300 terminals a bank of 2703s was not scalable, too expensive, and inadequate for the Computing Service's needs, since it required paper tape readers and card punches as well. Even this solution proved to be unsatisfactory, and in 1975 TCAM was replaced by Parrot, with 200 terminals connected to the PDP-11, of which 80 could be simultaneously active. For full technical details of Parrot, see the technical report by Hazel and Stoneley.[4]
Software
editThe staff were motivated to write their own system software for the IBM installation as a result of their dissatisfaction with IBM's own interactive command interpreter TSO. The initial product of their efforts was a Phoenix command interpreter which completely replaced the TSO command interpreter and was also available as a language for controlling batch job submissions through the use of a single IBM JCL command to invoke the Phoenix command interpreter. The Phoenix command interpreter was based on that of the Titan Multiple Access System[5] which had inline input files and was in service from 1967.
Steve Bourne, who wrote the Bourne Shell for Unix, was at Cambridge in the 1960s and early 1970s. It seems likely that some of the Bourne Shell's constructs in Unix also derived from the Titan command interpreter.
GEC's OS4000 JCL was based on the Phoenix command interpreter.
Upgrades
editBy 1973 Phoenix had a thousand megabytes of disk space.[citation needed] In 1982 it was upgraded to an IBM 3081D, and in 1989 to an IBM 3084Q.[citation needed]
Decommissioning
editThe system was decommissioned 24 years after its installation, on 30 September 1995 at 09:17 (by its own clock).[6]
Help command
editPhoenix/MVS is remembered for the responses that it gave to its HELP command. One such was the response to the command HELP GOD, to which Phoenix/MVS would reply "Deities must be invoked directly and not via Phoenix MVS."[7]
Games
edit| Game | Year | Authors' names (Phoenix login names in parentheses) |
|---|---|---|
| Acheton | 1978 | Jon Thackray (JGT1), David Seal (DJS6), and Jonathan R. Partington (JRP1) |
| Murdac | 1982 | Jonathan R. Partington |
| Avon | 1982 | Jonathan R. Partington |
| Brand X | 1979 | Jonathan Mestel (AJM8) and Peter Killworth (PDK1) |
| Hamil | 1982 | Jonathan R. Partington |
| Quondam | 1980 | Rod Underwood (RU10) |
| Hezarin | 1980 | Steve Tinney, Alex Shipp, and Jon Thackray |
| Xeno | 1989 | Jonathan Mestel |
| Fyleet | 1985 | Jonathan R. Partington |
| Crobe | 1986 | Jonathan R. Partington |
| Sangraal | 1987 | Jonathan R. Partington |
| Nidus | 1987 | Adam Atkinson (AJFA1) |
| Parc | 1983 | John Rennie (JR26) |
| Xerb | unknown | Andrew Lipson (ASL1) |
| Spycatcher | circa 1988 | Jonathan R. Partington and Jon Thackray |
One recreational activity on Phoenix was the playing of interactive fiction games. Because the games were large and demanded significant machine resources whilst running, they were generally played outside of prime time, when research palled. (The exit message of one game, Fyleet written by Jonathan Partington in 1985, was "Well go and do some work then".) Other games were Advent (a.k.a. Colossal Cave), Zork (a.k.a. Dungeon), and Acheton.[1][8]
Acheton was created by two Cambridge graduate students, Jon Thackray and David Seal, in 1978–1979, and expanded over the ensuring two years with the aid of Jonathan Partington. It was written with the aid of a game assembler, which, unlike the contemporary ZIL game assembler from Infocom, was freely available for use by all users of Phoenix between 1980 and 1995.[1]
Several large early British games developed on Phoenix were sold commercially for microcomputers by Acornsoft and, later, Topologika. This was comparable to Infocom's contemporaneous commercialisation of the MIT mainframe game Zork. Many of these games were subsequently translated by Graham Nelson to run on the Z-Machine.
The commercial release of Brand X was Philosopher's Quest.[1]
Bulletin board
editPhoenix also hosted a lively bulletin board named GROGGS,[6] which fostered the community spirit amongst the machine's users. After Phoenix was decommissioned, GROGGS migrated to a Unix system, and survived until August 2020.[9] A second, more structured bulletin board, ZINQUE, was popularly held to stand for 'Zinque Is Not Quite Unix Either'.[10]
Wake
editPhoenix inspired great affection in its users, to such an extent that a wake was held on 1 September 1995 to mourn its passing. A University newsgroup called "ucam.phx.nostalgia" was also created for reminiscences.[2]
Current location
editThe IBM 3084 was taken out by Prof. Jim Austin after it was shut down. It is now on display at the Computer Sheds computer museum in East Yorkshire, UK.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Nick Montfort (2005). Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction. MIT Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0-262-63318-3.
- ^ a b Michael Seán Grant (23 January 2007). "phx.cam.ac.uk".
- ^ "Newsletter #215". University of Cambridge Computing Service. 2003.[permanent dead link]
- ^ P. Hazel and A.J.M. Stoneley (April 1976). "Parrot — A replacement for TCAM" (PDF). Technical Reports. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. UCAM-CL-TR-5. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ^ Titan (1963 computer)
- ^ a b Richard Watts (7 April 1998). "An introduction to RGTP GROGGS".
- ^ Richard Gibbons (11 September 1999). "Feedback". New Scientist. No. 2203. p. 92.
- ^ Graham Nelson (2001). "A short history of interactive fiction". The Inform Designer's Manual. Dan Sanderson. p. 347. ISBN 0-9713119-0-0.
- ^ Ian Jackson and Martin Hardcastle (29 September 2004). "GROGGS — General Purpose Reverse-Ordered Gossip Gathering System".
- ^ Colin Bell. "ZINQUE index".
- ^ Jim Austin. "CSHEDS index".
External links
edit
- Phoenix's influence on interactive fiction
- A record of the last moments of Phoenix, and some modern derivatives of its software
- A history of the Computer Laboratory
- An appreciation of Phoenix, by a user
- Some of Phoenix's quirky help messages
- The Phoenix papers by Jonathan Partington.
- The resting place for the last Phoenix