Pectobacterium carotovorum is a bacterium of the family Pectobacteriaceae; it used to be a member of the genus Erwinia.[1]
| Pectobacterium carotovorum | |
|---|---|
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| Slime flux on a Camperdown elm caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Pectobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Pectobacterium |
| Species: | P. carotovorum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pectobacterium carotovorum (Jones 1901) Waldee 1945
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| Subspecies | |
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| Synonyms | |
|
Erwinia carotovora | |
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The species is a plant pathogen with a diverse host range, including many agriculturally and scientifically important plant species. It produces pectolytic enzymes that hydrolyze pectin between individual plant cells. This causes the cells to separate, a disease plant pathologists term bacterial soft rot. Specifically, it causes beet vascular necrosis and blackleg of potato and other vegetables (hence the name carotovora – "carrot-eater"), as well as slime flux on many different tree species.[2] Currently, there are four described subspecies of P. carotovorum (carotovorum, brasiliense, odoriferum, and actinidiae).[3]
This bacterium is a ubiquitous plant pathogen with a wide host range (carrot, potato, tomato, leafy greens, squash and other cucurbits, onion, green peppers, African violets, etc.), able to cause disease in almost any plant tissue it invades. It is a very economically important pathogen in terms of post-harvest losses, and a common cause of decay in stored fruits and vegetables. Decay caused by P. carotovora is often referred to as "bacterial soft rot" though this may also be caused by other bacteria. Most plants or plant parts can resist invasion by the bacteria, unless some type of wound is present. High humidity and temperatures around 30 °C (86 °F) favor development of decay. The cells become highly motile near this temperature (26 °C (79 °F)) when fructose is present.[4] Mutants can be produced which are less virulent. Virulence factors include: pectinases, cellulases, (which degrade plant cell walls), and also proteases, lipases, xylanases, and nucleases (along with the normal virulence factors for pathogens – Fe acquisition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) integrity[specify], multiple global regulatory systems).
Management
editKENGAP, partners of the CABI-led programme, Plantwise have several recommendations for the management of P. carotovora including; washing hands and disinfecting tools regularly during and after harvesting, avoiding harvesting in warm and moist conditions. They also recommend frequent irrigation during head formation should be avoided to allow heads to dry and planting on ridges, raised beds or well drained soils prevents water logging around the plants.[5]
Plantwise partners also recommend thorough washing and disinfection of crates for to prevent post-harvest losses and that crop rotation with leguminous crops and cereals is practiced.[5][6]
Gas sensors can be used to detect the pathogen in storage.[7] Specifically metal–oxide–semiconductor-, electrochemical-, photoionization-, and nondispersive infrared- sensors are known to be useful.[7] These are all tested, found to be usable, and calibrations provided in Rutolo et al. 2018.[7]
Sources
edit
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA (license statement/permission). Text taken from Plantwise Factsheets for Farmers: Bacterial Soft Rot on Brassica, KENGAP Horticulture, CAB International + Plantwise.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA (license statement/permission). Text taken from PMDG: Bacterial soft rot on cabbage, Jonathan M. Gekone (MOALF), Stephen Koech (KALRO) and Miriam Otipa (KALRO), CAB International + Plantwise.
References
edit- ^ Toth, Ian; Bell, Kenneth; Holeva, Maria; Birch, Paul (2003). "Soft rot erwiniae: from genes to genomes". Pathogen profile. Molecular Plant Pathology. 4 (1). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: 17–30. doi:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00149.x. ISSN 1364-3703. PMID 20569359. S2CID 37973919. British Society for Plant Pathology (BSPP).
- ^ Toth, Ian K.; Bell, Kenneth S.; Holeva, Maria C.; Birch, Paul R. J. (1 January 2003). "Soft rot erwiniae: from genes to genomes". Molecular Plant Pathology. 4 (1): 17–30. doi:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00149.x. PMID 20569359.
- ^ This review... Zeng, Yuan; Charkowski, Amy (2021). "The Role of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters in Bacterial Phytopathogenesis". Phytopathology. 111 (4). American Phytopathological Society (APS): 600–610. doi:10.1094/phyto-06-20-0212-rvw. ISSN 0031-949X. ...cite this study: Li, Lei; Yuan, Lifang; Shi, Yanxia; Xie, Xuewen; Chai, Ali; Wang, Qi; Li, Baoju (2019). "Comparative genomic analysis of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense SX309 provides novel insights into its genetic and phenotypic features". BMC Genomics. 20 (1). BMC: 486. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5831-x. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 6567464. PMID 31195968. S2CID 255817156. S2CID 189763708.
- ^ Aizawa, Shin-Ichi (2014). "Pectobacterium carotovorum — Subpolar Hyper-Flagellation". The Flagellar World. Elsevier. pp. 58–59. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417234-0.00018-9. ISBN 9780124172340.
- ^ a b "Bacterial Soft Rot on Brassica". Plantwise Knowledge Bank. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
- ^ "Bacterial soft rot on cabbage". Plantwise Knowledge Bank. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
- ^ a b c
- These reviews ...
- • Saleh, Tawfik; Fadillah, Ganjar; Saputra, Ozi (2019). "Nanoparticles as components of electrochemical sensing platforms for the detection of petroleum pollutants: A review". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 118. Elsevier BV: 194–206. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.045. ISSN 0165-9936.
- • Oerke, Erich (2020). "Remote Sensing of Diseases". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 58 (1). Annual Reviews: 225–252. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012832. ISSN 0066-4286.
- ...cite this study:
- • Rutolo, Massimo; Clarkson, John; Harper, Glyn; Covington, James (2018). "The use of gas phase detection and monitoring of potato soft rot infection in store". Postharvest Biology and Technology. 145. Elsevier BV: 15–19. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2018.05.016. ISSN 0925-5214. JAC ORCID 0000-0003-1307-6488.
Further reading
edit- Czajkowski, R.; Pérombelon, M.C.M.; Jafra, S.; Lojkowska, E.; Potrykus, M.; van der Wolf, J.M.; Sledz, W. (2014-10-27). "Detection, identification and differentiation of Pectobacterium and Dickeya species causing potato blackleg and tuber soft rot: a review". Annals of Applied Biology. 166 (1). John Wiley & Sons Ltd: 18–38. doi:10.1111/aab.12166. ISSN 0003-4746. PMC 4320782. PMID 25684775. Association of Applied Biologists.
- Which cites this study:
- Waleron, M; Waleron, K; Lojkowska, E (2014). "Characterization of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. odoriferum causing soft rot of stored vegetables". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 139 (4 March 2014): 457–469. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0403-z. S2CID 17297335. S2CID 254466686.
External links
edit- Type strain of Pectobacterium carotovorum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase