Wikipedia

Partners In Health

(Redirected from Partners in Health)
Not to be confused with Partners HealthCare.

Partners In Health (PIH) is an international nonprofit public health organization founded in 1987 by Paul Farmer, Ophelia Dahl, Thomas J. White,[1] Todd McCormack, and Jim Yong Kim.[2][3]

Partners In Health
Founded1987
FoundersPaul Farmer; Jim Yong Kim; Ophelia Dahl, Thomas J. White; Todd McCormack
FocusHumanitarian
Location
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Sheila Davis, CEO
Employees18,000
Websitewww.pih.org
A family receives medical attention at one of PIH's Port-au-Prince-based clinics after the 2010 earthquake.

Partners in Health provides healthcare in the poorest areas of developing countries.[4] The organization builds hospitals[5] and other medical facilities, hires and trains local staff, and delivers a range of healthcare, from in-home consultations to cancer treatments.[6] It also removes barriers to maintaining good health, such as dirty water or a lack of food.[7] The approach trades charity for "accompaniment" which is described as a "dogged commitment to doing whatever it takes to give the poor a fair shake."[8] While many of its principles are rooted in liberation theology, the organization is secular.[9] It forms long-term partnerships with and works on behalf of, local ministries of health.[10] PIH holds a 4 out of 4 stars rating from Charity Navigator, a nonprofit evaluator.[11]

History

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Partners In Health began in 1987, after Paul Farmer and Ophelia Dahl helped set up a community-based health project called Zanmi Lasante ("Partners in Health" in Haitian Creole) in Cange, Haiti.[12] The organization initially focused on treating people with HIV/AIDS in rural Haiti. PIH now embraces a holistic approach to tackling disease, poverty, and human rights[13] in a variety of countries.[14]

In 1993, Farmer used the proceeds from his John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Award to create a new arm of Partners In Health, the Institute for Health and Social Justice. Its mission is to analyze the impact of poverty and inequality on health, and to use findings to educate academics, donors, policy makers, and the general public. PIH's Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Joia Mukherjee,[15] directs the institute.

Current work

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Partners In Health collaborates closely with Harvard Medical School[16] and the Brigham and Women's Hospital.

At the invitation of local governments, it strengthens and sustains public health systems in remote, rural areas.[17] It trains and hires local healthcare workers,[18] many of whom actively find patients in their communities and help them get care.[citation needed] PIH also helps local experts conduct academic research that leads to clinical innovation.[19][20][21]

Notable supporters include Hank and John Green,[22] Madonna,[23] actor Meryl Streep,[24] Ryan Lewis,[25] Win Butler,[26] Régine Chassagne of Arcade Fire,[27] and Matt Damon.[28]

Haiti

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Zanmi Lasante is PIH's flagship project. The small clinic that started treating patients in the village of Cange in 1985, has grown into the Zanmi Lasante (ZL) Sociomedical Complex, a 104-bed hospital with two operating rooms, adult and pediatric inpatient wards, an infectious disease center (the Thomas J. White Center), an outpatient clinic, a women's health clinic (Proje Sante Fanm), ophthalmology and general medicine clinics, a laboratory, a pharmaceutical warehouse, a Red Cross blood bank, radiographic services, and a dozen schools.[citation needed]

The organization also works in 11 other sites across Haiti's Central Plateau and beyond. Zanmi Lasante is Haiti's largest nongovernmental healthcare provider, serving 4.5 million. It employs 5,700 Haitians, including doctors, nurses, and community health workers.[29]

Community-based models

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PIH's community-based model has proved successful in delivering effective care both for common conditions like diarrhea, pneumonia, and childbirth that are often fatal for Haiti's poor and malnourished, and for complex diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. The main key to this success and to the PIH model of care pioneered in Haiti has been training and hiring thousands of accompagnateurs (community health workers). The PIH model of accompagnateur care is outlined in the 5-SPICE framework, a scholarly article detailing the tenets of a successful community health worker program.[30]

The use of accompagnateurs is one of the most effective ways of removing structural barriers to adequate treatment of HIV and other chronic diseases while increasing job growth in communities that desperately require employment to further benefit the community's social structure.[citation needed] Focusing on minimizing the implications of structural violence is the key to the PIH model's success and to the improvement of treatment of chronic disease in rural Haiti.

Expansion in Haiti

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After the earthquake in Haiti, PIH sent hundreds of volunteers to the island nation and mobilized an existing staff of nearly 5,000 Haitians.

As ZL has expanded, it has partnered with other nongovernmental organizations and the Haitian Ministry of Health to rebuild or refurbish existing clinics and hospitals, introduce essential drugs to the formulary, establish laboratories, train and pay community health workers, and complement Ministry of Health personnel with PIH-trained staff. Clinics that previously stood empty now register hundreds of patients each day at twelve sites—Cange, Boucan Carré, Hinche, Thomonde, Belladère, Lascahobas, Mirebalais, and Cerca La Source in the Central Plateau plus additions in the Artibonite region: Petite Rivière, Saint-Marc and Verrettes.[citation needed] In 2008, ZL recorded more than 2.6 million patient visits at clinical sites.[31]

Response to the Haiti earthquake

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When an earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010, PIH/ZL resources were in place to deliver aid. In addition to providing care to the hundreds of thousands who fled to Haiti's Central Plateau and Artibonite regions, ZL established health outposts at four camps for internally displaced people in Port-au-Prince. ZL also supported the city's General Hospital (HUEH) by facilitating the placement of volunteer surgeons, physicians and nurses, and by aiding the hospital's Haitian leadership.[citation needed]

The earthquake leveled most of the health facilities in and around Port-au-Prince, including Haiti's only public teaching hospital and nursing school. In March 2010, PIH/ZL responded to an urgent appeal from the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP) by announcing the Stand With Haiti campaign, a 3-year, $125 million plan to help Haiti rebuild. The plan included a scaled-up version of an already planned hospital, the Mirebalais Hospital.[32]

Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais

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Before January 12, 2010, PIH had been planning to build a new community hospital in Mirebalais.[33] Less than six months after the earthquake, the organization quickly scaled up plans.[33] The Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP) and PIH/ZL broke ground on the world-class national referral hospital and teaching center.[citation needed]

In October 2012, Partners in Health finished construction on the Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais in Haiti. The hospital provides primary-care services to about 185,000 people in Mirebalais and two nearby communities. It is also intended to serve most of the country for secondary and tertiary care. The hospital opened its doors in March 2013.[34]

The hospital provides high-quality education for Haitian nurses, medical students, and resident physicians. It has telemedicine technologies installed in meeting and operating rooms that link US-based medical professionals to help educate and train students and residents working there.[35][36] Also, Partners in Health helped to establish an emergency department in the hospital.[37] The organization has incorporated community health workers into their treatment regimen for their patients. Community health workers make necessary house visits to patients, deliver stipends and other essentials for patients' care, and keep record of their patients' progress at the hospital.[38]

Other locations

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Perú

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Since 1996, PIH's sister organization in Peru, Socios En Salud [39](SES), has been providing medical services in Lima. Based in the northern Lima district of Carabayllo, SES is now Peru's largest non-governmental health care organization, serving an estimated population of 700,000 inhabitants, many of whom have fled from poverty and political violence in Peru's countryside. As a valued partner to Peru's Ministry of Health, SES has also influenced national policies for prevention and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV and provides important training and support to help implement those policies nationwide.[40]

SES also provides a variety of services. SES provides food baskets, transportation, lodging and other forms of support for impoverished patients.[41] The project also provides opportunities for income generation projects, job skills training, and small business loans.[40] One example is Mujeres Unidas ("Women United"), a cooperative workshop that participates in crafts fairs in Peru and has sold handicrafts as far as the United States, Japan and Switzerland.

Tuberculosis treatment

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SES has treated more than 10,500 people for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Lima.[40] SES is conducting the world's largest TB research study, the EPI Project. Funded by a National Institutes of Health grant of US$6 million in 2007, the project seeks to understand how MDR-TB and XDR-TB spreads among people living in close quarters.[42][43]

Chiapas, Mexico

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The residents of the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, including millions of indigenous Maya, have long struggled with poverty, political violence, and dismal health conditions.[citation needed] Chiapas has extremely high rates of maternal mortality, infant mortality, and tuberculosis compared to other states in Mexico.[citation needed] Partners In Health, known locally as Compañeros En Salud, began working in Mexico in 2011.[44] CES aims to provide a more reliable, community-based alternative by training and employing local community health promoters, called promotores.

El Equipo de Apoyo en Salud y Educación Comunitaria (EAPSEC, The Team for the Support of Community Health and Education) was established in 1985 by a small group of Mexican health promoters. They initially worked with Guatemalan refugee communities in the Chiapas border region, and later expanded their work to other marginalized people in Chiapas. EAPSEC believes that "a life of dignity" is a human right. This includes a strong public health system that responds to the most pressing health needs of the population, and access to high quality health care.[citation needed]

Since 1989, PIH has collaborated with EAPSEC to improve medical infrastructure in the region and to recruit and train hundreds of promotores.[citation needed] Over the past two decades, EAPSEC has partnered with dozens of indigenous and rural communities throughout Chiapas to develop local health capacity. Recent work has focused on a network of communities in the area of Huitiupan in the highlands and around Amatan. EAPSEC is dedicated to helping communities build self-sufficiency and counts many successful community health groups throughout Chiapas among its "alumni."

 
Community Health Workers, Yadira Roblero and Magdalena Gutiérrez, walk down the mountain side to complete their home visits in Laguna Del Cofre, Chiapas, Mexico on March 11, 2016.
 
Many of the women took images of family members, but a surprising number were of stoves, kitchen shelves, and wells.
 
See more images here: https://www.pih.org/article/women-in-chiapas-mexico-document-their-lives-advocate-their-concerns

Russia

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A patient living with MDR-TB receives care in Russia.

Partners In Health's work in Russia has a narrower medical focus over a vastly wider geographical area than any of its other projects. From a base in the region of Tomsk Oblast, Siberia, PIH has been working since 1998, in collaboration with the Russian Ministry of Health, to combat one of the world's worst epidemics of drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).[45] As of 2014, 39,000 Russians had the disease. In partnership with the Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities (DSMHI) at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, PIH has focused on improving clinical services for MDR-TB patients in Tomsk while undertaking training and research to catalyze change in treatment of MDR-TB across the entire Russian Federation.[citation needed]

Partners In Health began working with local clinicians to improve treatment of MDR-TB in Tomsk in 1998. The joint effort got a major boost in 2004, when a five-year, $10.8 million grant was secured from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria for efforts to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of TB and MDR-TB. Key components of the clinical effort include improving diagnostics in order to detect cases earlier, developing a comprehensive strategy to promote adherence among patients, improving infection control in hospitals and clinics and decreasing transmission of TB to HIV-positive patients. Work in Tomsk also encompasses health education for the public and clinical and program management training for medical personnel in Tomsk.[46][47]

Partners In Health operates in two other regions in Russia, Voronezh Oblast and Karelia, where technical assistance is provided to regional tuberculosis services.

 
Community Health Workers in Lesotho receive monthly trainings.

Lesotho

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Bo-Mphato Litšebeletsong tsa Bophelo/Partners In Health in Lesotho was PIH's second project in Africa and the first in a country with extremely high prevalence of HIV.[48] Approximately one quarter of Lesotho's adult population is HIV-positive and life expectancy in the country is 55 years for women and 52 for men.[49] In addition, the Basotho people are being ravaged by a tuberculosis epidemic.[citation needed] Lesotho's TB rate is among the highest in the world,[citation needed] and TB spreads rapidly and is particularly deadly where many people's immune systems are weakened by HIV.[citation needed] The PIH project in Lesotho was launched in 2006 following an invitation from the Lesotho's Ministry of Health and consultation with the Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative (CHAI, now known as the Clinton Health Access Initiative) about where to replicate that model elsewhere in Africa.[50]

 
An aerial image of PIH's new Butaro Hospital, the largest public facility in Rwanda.
 
Rwandan President Paul Kagame and PIH's Paul Farmer at the Butaro ribbon cutting ceremony in 2011.

Rwanda

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Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima (IMB) has been working in Rwanda since 2005. In partnership with the Government of Rwanda and the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), IMB's work supports the Ministry of Health to comprehensively strengthen the public health system in rural, underserved areas of the country. Initially, PIH and CHAI began by implementing a pilot project in two rural districts, Kayonza and Kirehe, in Rwanda's Eastern Province.[citation needed] Building off of PIH's approach in Haiti, the project was designed as a comprehensive primary health care model within the public sector. The approach used HIV/AIDS prevention and care as the entry point to build capacity to address the major health problems faced by the local population. Haitian physicians, nurses, and managers traveled to Rwanda extensively in the early years of the program to provide training and program design assistance.[citation needed]

Inshuti Mu Buzima-supported facilities

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In January 2011, PIH supported the Ministry of Health of Rwanda in the opening of Butaro District Hospital.[51][52][53] The hospital, located in Burera district, has 156 beds.

University of Global Health Equity

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In September 2015, Partners In Health inaugurated University of Global Health Equity, a non-for-profit organization offering a two-year part-time master's degree in Global Health Delivery.[54] Construction began in September 2016 on the first phase of a campus located in Butaro.[55] The new campus officially opened in January 2019.[56]

Malawi

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In early 2007, Abwenzi Pa Za Umoyo (APZU; Partners In Health in Chichewa), started treating patients and training community health workers in the southwestern corner of Malawi, one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in Africa.[citation needed]

The Clinton-Hunter Development Initiative (CHDI) targeted Malawi as a country desperately needing a rural health project to address the devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region. About 14 percent of Malawi's adult population is infected with HIV and hundreds of thousands of children have been orphaned by the disease.[citation needed] CHDI asked Partners In Health to replicate the rural initiative programs that have proven so successful in delivering HIV treatment and comprehensive primary health care in Rwanda and Lesotho.[citation needed] The Malawi Ministry of Health directed PIH and CHDI to the impoverished rural area of Neno.

In 2010, APZU tested 17,606 patients for HIV. The organization clinics logged 332,619 patient visits. APZU supported 889 children, allowing them to attend school and receive food.[57]

Ebola response in West Africa

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In late 2014, PIH heeded calls from the governments of Liberia and Sierra Leone, and other international partners, to join the fight against Ebola in West Africa.[58] Although PIH is not an emergency response organization, they felt the moral obligation to join the response, given the unprecedented nature of the outbreak in West Africa.

Sierra Leone

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A maternity hospital in Sierra Leone being built with support from Partners in Health.

PIH arrived in Sierra Leone at a time when the situation was worsening. The organization sought to quickly respond to the outbreak. They began in Port Loko District at the Maforki Ebola Treatment Unit[59] and scaled up from there to provide clinical care at 16 facilities across 4 districts at the peak, while managing a network of Ebola response community health workers, providing surveillance, support and referrals in rural communities.

The organization took a health systems strengthening approach and aimed to work together with government entities to support the response to the outbreak.[60] As Ebola was brought under control, PIH shifted to support the Ministry of Health in rebuilding its health system.[61] Today PIH's Sierra Leone program is focused on raising the standard of care through programs in Kono and Port Loko Districts, with a focus on maternal health, HIV/TB and Ebola survivor care. PIH currently supports six health facilities across three districts in Sierra Leone.

Liberia

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PIH began work in Liberia in November 2014, focused on responding to Ebola in Maryland County, a 20-hour drive south from the capital of Monrovia. They supported two Ebola treatment units and three community care centers, and taught teachers and community members new techniques to slow the spread of infections. Since Ebola came under control in Liberia in March 2015, PIH has focused on helping rebuild the health system, primarily for a population of roughly 100,000 in Maryland County.[62]

Kazakhstan

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Since 2009, PIH has worked in Kazakhstan with the Ministry of Health to provide services treating MDR-TB.[63]

United States

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PIH launched its U.S. arm in May 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[64]

Partner projects

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PIH also supports partner projects in the following countries:

  • Africa: Project Muso in Mali; Tiyatien Health in Liberia; Village Health Works in Burundi
  • Asia: Possible Health in Nepal
  • Central America: Equipo Técnico de Educación en Salud Comunitaria in Guatemala

PIH also previously worked in the Dominican Republic.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Marquard, Bryan (8 January 2011). "Tom White, one of Boston's greatest philanthropists, dies". Boston.com. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  2. ^ Kidder, Tracy (2004). Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World. Random House. pp. 317. ISBN 978-0-8129-7301-3.
  3. ^ Klein, Ezra (August 25, 2011). "In Kim, an activist to lead the World Bank". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  4. ^ Farmer, Paul; Kim, Jim; Kleinman, Arthur; Basilico, Matthew (2013). Reimagining Global Health: An Introduction. California: University of California Press. p. 133. ISBN 9780520271999.
  5. ^ Hamblin, James (October 2012). "The Moral Medical Mission: Partners In Health, 25 Years On". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  6. ^ Shen, Helen WHTT (July 18, 2012). "A boost from Boston in Rwanda's cancer fight". Boston.com. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  7. ^ Ivers, Louise C. (February 22, 2013). "A Chance to Right a Wrong in Haiti". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  8. ^ Farmer, Paul (2013). To Repair the World: Paul Farmer Speaks to the Next Generation. California: University of California Press. pp. xxvi. ISBN 9780520275973.
  9. ^ Griffin, Michael; Block, Jennie Weiss, eds. (2013). In The Company of the Poor: Conversations with Dr. Paul Farmer and Fr. Gustavo Gutierrez. New York: Orbis Books. pp. 52, 64. ISBN 9781626980501.
  10. ^ Farmer, Paul E., Bruce Nizeye, Sara Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006. "Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine". PLoS Medicine, 1686-1691.
  11. ^ "Charity Navigator - Rating for Partners In Health". Charity Navigator. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  12. ^ Kidder, Tracy (2004). Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, A Man Who Would Cure the World. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-7301-3.
  13. ^ Farmer, Paul (2004). Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. University of California Press. pp. 93, 122, 173. ISBN 9780520243262.
  14. ^ "Dr. Paul Farmer on Rwanda's Health Leap, Haiti's Struggles & How Communities Can Repair the World". Democracy Now!. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
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  24. ^ "Meryl Streep, Drew Barrymore, More Show Support For Haiti At Golden Globes". MTV News. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  25. ^ "Ryan Lewis reveals mother is HIV-positive". NY Daily News. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  26. ^ "Arcade Fire's Win Butler has his own coffee now". www.avclub.com. 12 December 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  27. ^ "Arcade Fire's Band Aid for Haiti". Mother Jones. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  28. ^ "Damon, Affleck hope 'Bending the Arc' inspires millennials". The Seattle Times. January 25, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  29. ^ "'Worst Is Yet to Come' in Haiti". www.pih.org. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  30. ^ Palazuelos D., Ellis K., Daeun Im D., Peckarsky M., Schwarz D., Farmer D. B., Dhillon R., Johnson A.; et al. (2013). "5-SPICE: The application of an original framework for community health worker program design, quality improvement and research agenda setting". Global Health Action. 6: 19658. doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.19658. PMC 3617878. PMID 23561023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ HPV vaccine in Haiti Summary, Nov 2011.pdf https://files.givewell.org/files/DWDA%202009/PIH/HPV%20vaccine%20in%20Haiti%20Summary,%20Nov%202011.pdf Page 1
  32. ^ "Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais". Partners In Health. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  33. ^ a b Charles, Jacqueline (September 13, 2010). "Rising Haiti hospital a symbol of future". Miami Herald.
  34. ^ Toussaint, Tadia (July 12, 2016). "Hopital Universitaire de Mirebalais' New Lab Will Help Save Lives". The Haitian Times. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  35. ^ "Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais".
  36. ^ Nicholas Clark Architects. "Mirebalais Hospital". Archived from the original on November 30, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  37. ^ Marsh, Regan H; Rouhani, Shada A; Pierre, Paul; Farmer, Paul E (2015). "Strengthening emergency care: experience in central Haiti". The Lancet Global Health. 3: S5–S7. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70378-X. PMID 25926321.
  38. ^ Palazuelos, Daniel; Farmer, Paul E; Mukherjee, Joia (2018). "Community health and equity of outcomes: the Partners In Health experience". The Lancet Global Health. 6 (5): e491–e493. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30073-1. PMID 29653618.
  39. ^ "Home | Socios en Salud". sociosensalud.org.pe (in Spanish). 2024-11-18. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  40. ^ a b c "Peru". Partners In Health. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  41. ^ Silver, Marc (24 March 2015). "TB Patients That The World Writes Off Are Getting Cured In Peru". NPR. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  42. ^ "Peru: Study Aims to Reveal How TB Spreads". www.pih.org. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  43. ^ Ronny Isla Isuiza (August 3, 2011). "EE.UU. patrocina ambiciosa investigación sobre la transmisión de la TBC en el Perú". El Comercio Peru. Retrieved August 29, 2016. English
  44. ^ "PIH Mexico Expands to Two New Sites in Chiapas". www.pih.org. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  45. ^ "'Sputnik' Orbits A Russian City, Finding And Healing Tuberculosis". NPR.org. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  46. ^ Partners In Health. "Russia". PIH-Russia. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  47. ^ Splete, Heidi. "Partners In Health Treats TB in Russia". Hospital News Digital Network. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  48. ^ "HIV and AIDS in Lesotho". Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  49. ^ Holt, Kate (December 1, 2018). "'Many girls don't know their partner's status': fighting Aids in Lesotho – in pictures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  50. ^ Partners In Health. "Lesotho". PIH. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  51. ^ Partners In Health. "FROM NO DOCTORS TO THE "FINEST HOSPITAL IN CENTRAL AFRICA". PIH. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
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  53. ^ Kagire, Edmund. "Kagame opens new hospital in Butaro". New Times (Rwanda). Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  54. ^ Kantegwa, Sharon. "New university to integrate development into health sector". The New Times Rwanda. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  55. ^ Nkurunziza, Michel (September 7, 2016). "Rwanda: Construction of U.S.$150 Million University Starts in Burera". Rwanda Focus (Kigali). Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  56. ^ "Kagame inaugurates University of Global Health Equity new campus". The New Times | Rwanda. January 26, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  57. ^ Partners In Health. "Annual Report 2010". Annual Report 2010: Malawi. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  58. ^ "Partners in Health to joins fight against Ebola, plans to bolster health care in rural areas of Sierra Leone and Liberia - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  59. ^ "Treating Ebola in Port Loko Town, Sierra Leone". Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  60. ^ Cancedda, Corrado; Davis, Sheila M.; Dierberg, Kerry L.; Lascher, Jonathan; Kelly, J. Daniel; Barrie, Mohammed Bailor; Koroma, Alimamy Philip; George, Peter; Kamara, Adikali Alpha (October 15, 2016). "Strengthening Health Systems While Responding to a Health Crisis: Lessons Learned by a Nongovernmental Organization During the Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic in Sierra Leone". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 214 (suppl_3): S153–S163. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw345. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 5050485. PMID 27688219.
  61. ^ McKay, Betsy (June 4, 2015). "West Africa Struggles to Rebuild Its Ravaged Health-Care System". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  62. ^ "Liberia". Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  63. ^ "Kazakhstan". Partners In Health. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  64. ^ "United States". Partners In Health. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
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