In linear algebra and functional analysis, the partial trace is a generalization of the trace. Whereas the trace is a scalar valued function on operators, the partial trace is an operator-valued function. The partial trace has applications in quantum information and decoherence which is relevant for quantum measurement and thereby to the decoherent approaches to interpretations of quantum mechanics, including consistent histories and the relative state interpretation.

Left hand side shows a full density matrix of a bipartite qubit system. The partial trace is performed over a subsystem of 2 by 2 dimension (single qubit density matrix). The right hand side shows the resulting 2 by 2 reduced density matrix .

Details

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Suppose  ,   are finite-dimensional vector spaces over a field, with dimensions   and  , respectively. For any space  , let   denote the space of linear operators on  . The partial trace over   is then written as  , where   denotes the Kronecker product.

It is defined as follows: For  , let  , and  , be bases for V and W respectively; then T has a matrix representation

 

relative to the basis   of  .

Now for indices k, i in the range 1, ..., m, consider the sum

 

This gives a matrix bk,i. The associated linear operator on V is independent of the choice of bases and is by definition the partial trace.

Among physicists, this is often called "tracing out" or "tracing over" W to leave only an operator on V in the context where W and V are Hilbert spaces associated with quantum systems (see below).

Invariant definition

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The partial trace operator can be defined invariantly (that is, without reference to a basis) as follows: it is the unique linear map

 

such that

 

To see that the conditions above determine the partial trace uniquely, let   form a basis for  , let   form a basis for  , let   be the map that sends   to   (and all other basis elements to zero), and let   be the map that sends   to  . Since the vectors   form a basis for  , the maps   form a basis for  .

From this abstract definition, the following properties follow:

 
 

Category theoretic notion

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It is the partial trace of linear transformations that is the subject of Joyal, Street, and Verity's notion of Traced monoidal category. A traced monoidal category is a monoidal category   together with, for objects X, Y, U in the category, a function of Hom-sets,

 

satisfying certain axioms.

Another case of this abstract notion of partial trace takes place in the category of finite sets and bijections between them, in which the monoidal product is disjoint union. One can show that for any finite sets, X,Y,U and bijection   there exists a corresponding "partially traced" bijection  .

Partial trace for operators on Hilbert spaces

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The partial trace generalizes to operators on infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Suppose V, W are Hilbert spaces, and let

 

be an orthonormal basis for W. Now there is an isometric isomorphism

 

Under this decomposition, any operator   can be regarded as an infinite matrix of operators on V

 

where  .

First suppose T is a non-negative operator. In this case, all the diagonal entries of the above matrix are non-negative operators on V. If the sum

 

converges in the strong operator topology of L(V), it is independent of the chosen basis of W. The partial trace TrW(T) is defined to be this operator. The partial trace of a self-adjoint operator is defined if and only if the partial traces of the positive and negative parts are defined.

Computing the partial trace

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Suppose W has an orthonormal basis, which we denote by ket vector notation as  . Then

 

The superscripts in parentheses do not represent matrix components, but instead label the matrix itself.

Partial trace and invariant integration

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In the case of finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, there is a useful way of looking at partial trace involving integration with respect to a suitably normalized Haar measure μ over the unitary group U(W) of W. Suitably normalized means that μ is taken to be a measure with total mass dim(W).

Theorem. Suppose V, W are finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Then

 

commutes with all operators of the form   and hence is uniquely of the form  . The operator R is the partial trace of T.

Partial trace as a quantum operation

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The partial trace can be viewed as a quantum operation. Consider a quantum mechanical system whose state space is the tensor product   of Hilbert spaces. A mixed state is described by a density matrix ρ, that is a non-negative trace-class operator of trace 1 on the tensor product   The partial trace of ρ with respect to the system B, denoted by  , is called the reduced state of ρ on system A. In symbols,

 

To show that this is indeed a sensible way to assign a state on the A subsystem to ρ, we offer the following justification. Let M be an observable on the subsystem A, then the corresponding observable on the composite system is  . However one chooses to define a reduced state  , there should be consistency of measurement statistics. The expectation value of M after the subsystem A is prepared in   and that of   when the composite system is prepared in ρ should be the same, i.e. the following equality should hold:

 

We see that this is satisfied if   is as defined above via the partial trace. Furthermore, such operation is unique.

Let T(H) be the Banach space of trace-class operators on the Hilbert space H. It can be easily checked that the partial trace, viewed as a map

 

is completely positive and trace-preserving.

The density matrix ρ is Hermitian, positive semi-definite, and has a trace of 1. It has a spectral decomposition:

 

Its easy to see that the partial trace   also satisfies these conditions. For example, for any pure state   in  , we have

 

Note that the term   represents the probability of finding the state   when the composite system is in the state  . This proves the positive semi-definiteness of  .

The partial trace map as given above induces a dual map   between the C*-algebras of bounded operators on   and   given by

 

  maps observables to observables and is the Heisenberg picture representation of  .

Comparison with classical case

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Suppose instead of quantum mechanical systems, the two systems A and B are classical. The space of observables for each system are then abelian C*-algebras. These are of the form C(X) and C(Y) respectively for compact spaces X, Y. The state space of the composite system is simply

 

A state on the composite system is a positive element ρ of the dual of C(X × Y), which by the Riesz-Markov theorem corresponds to a regular Borel measure on X × Y. The corresponding reduced state is obtained by projecting the measure ρ to X. Thus the partial trace is the quantum mechanical equivalent of this operation.

References

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