Panjagān was either a projectile weapon or an archery technique used by the late military of Sasanian Persia, by which a volley of five arrows was shot.[1] No examples of the device have survived, but it is alluded to by later Islamic authors,[2] in particular, in their description of the Persian conquest of Yemen, where the application of the unknown panjagan was supposedly the deciding factor in Persian victory.
Name
editThe name panjagān (Middle Persian for "five-fold")[3] is reconstructed from its Arabized forms recorded by the Islamic authors al-Tabari (بنجكان banjakān, فنجقان fanjaqān), al-Jahiz, and al-Maqdisi (فنرجان fanrajān).[1] The word banjakiyya (بنجكية, "a volley of five arrows") mentioned by al-Jawaliqi is also related.[3]
History
edit
Al-Tabari records the use of panjagān by the Sasanian army during the Yemeni campaign of Wahriz against the Aksumites of Ethiopia, noting that the latter had not encountered it before.[4] The author makes another allusion when describing the assault by the Persian asāwira (descendants of the Sasanian aswārān heavy cavalry) that killed Mas'ud ibn Amr, the governor of Basra, in 684 AD during the Second Islamic Civil War. As the advance of the 400-strong asāwira cavalry was halted by spearmen at the gates, the Persian commander Māh-Afrīdūn ordered his men to shoot with "fanjaqān", thus they hit them with "2,000 arrows in one burst", forcing the spearmen to retreat.[5][6][7]
Analysis
editA. Siddiqi has translated the word as five-pointed/five-barbed arrow, but C. E. Bosworth consider this interpretation unlikely.[3] Bosworth proposed that the term refers to a military technique of rapid shooting of five arrows in succession. However, Ahmad Tafazzoli's analysis of Middle Persian military terminology suggests that it was actually a device, probably a type of crossbow.[1] Furthermore, a device capable of shooting five arrows simultaneously has been described in the work of Ā'īn-Nāmah.[1]
According to Kaveh Farrokh, use of the panjagan allowed the archer to shoot with greater speed, volume, and focus, creating a "kill zone".[2] Thus, it may have been developed for the wars against the Göktürks and the Hephthalites, who were known for their agile cavalrymen.[8]
See also
edit- List of lost inventions
- Polybolos
- Repeating crossbow, an ancient Chinese weapon
- Mad minute, a pre-WWI British military exercise for rapid firing and reloading
References
edit- ^ a b c d Farrokh, Kaveh; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna; Garcia, Javier Sanchez (2018). The Siege of Amida (359 CE). Archeobooks. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-83-7051-887-5.
- ^ a b Farrokh, Kaveh (2012). Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224–642. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-78200-848-4.
- ^ a b c Al-Tabari; Bosworth, C. E. (1999). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 5: The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. SUNY Press. p. 247, footnote 600. ISBN 978-0-7914-9722-7.
- ^ تاریخ طبری، مقدمه، جلد ۱۶، ص ۷۵ (in Persian)
- ^ Mohammadi-Malayeri, Mohammad (1382). تاریخ و فرهنگ ایران در دوران انتقال از عصر ساسانی به عصر اسلامی (in Persian). Vol. 5. Tehrān: Tūs. pp. 369–370. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Yarir al- (1989). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 20: The Collapse of Sufyanid Authority and the Coming of the Marwanids: The Caliphates of Mu'awiyah II and Marwan I and the Beginning of The Caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik A.D. 683-685/A.H. 64-66. SUNY Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-88706-855-3.
- ^ al-Tabari, G. R. Hawting (1989), The History of al-Tabari, vol. XX, State University of New York Press, Albany, ISBN 0-88706-855-3, p. 32: They advanced and when they reached the openings of the lanes they halted. Mãh Afrīdhũn said to them in Persian, "What is the matter, Oh band of youths?" They replied, "They have met us with the points of their lances." He said to them in Persian, "Strike them with the fanjaqān" (that is, Persian for "five arrows in a shot"). There were four hundred of the Asawirah and they hit them with 2,000 arrows in one burst so that they retreated from the gates of the lanes and took up position by the gates of the mosque . The Tamīmiyyah slowly advanced toward them, but when they reached the gates they halted. Mãh Afrīdhũn asked them, "What is the matter?" They answered, "They have pointed the tips of their lances at us." He replied, "Fire at them too!" So they fired 2,000 arrows at them and pushed them back from the gates so that they entered the mosque and moved forward.
- ^ Farrokh, Kaveh (2012). Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224–642. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-848-4.