The Ozinie, also known as the Wicomiss,[1] were a group of Native Americans living near modern-day Rock Hall, in Kent County, Maryland.[2] They were hunter-gatherers and fished.[1]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Extinct as a tribe | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Maryland | |
| Languages | |
| Eastern Algonquian | |
| Religion | |
| Native American religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Nanticoke |
Territory
editAt the time of the arrival of English settlers in the 1630s, they lived in a village near Chester River that flowed in the Chesapeake Bay.[1] Dr. Jon Seidel recently speculated Indiantown Farm in modern-day Queen Anne's County as a possible location of the village.[3] The Ozinie may have used Eastern Neck Island for shellfishing.[1]
Population
editThey had an estimated population of 255 people.[2]
Language
editThe Ozinie spoke an Algonquian language and were related to the Nanticoke,[4] another Algonquian-speaking tribe,
17th-century history
editCaptain John Smith encountered the Ozinie in 1608.[4] In his monograph, Talbot County: A History, Dickson J. Preston locates a "fortified village" of the Ozinie, "south of the Chester River in present Queen Anne's County" that was encountered by English settlers in the 1630s.[5] The Ozinie at that time were frequently at odds with the Susquehannocks,[3] and English settlers would go on to pit the different tribes of the Eastern Shore against the Ozinie as part of a strategy to eradicate their presence, as the Ozinie were among the most hostile of the region's tribes to English settlers and made it clear that they rejected English presence, laws and customs.[5]
Military extermination campaigns and settler incursions further scattered the Ozinie population over the following decades. Ozinie Indians themselves encountered a legal apartheid system, where incidents such as the murder of Ozinie Indians by English settlers would go unpunished, while violence by Ozinie Indians against English settlers were dealt with in colonial courts. In 1667, tensions came to a head, according to Talbot County historian Dickson J. Preston:
"In 1667 Captain James Odber, military commander of the district, and his servant were murdered, allegedly by Wicomesses [Ozinie] Indians. That produced demands for vengeance from white settlers throughout the Eastern Shore. The settlers enlisted the help of the other tribes and sent out an expedition which wiped out the entire nation, to that the last man, woman, and child, in what may have ben America's first genocidal war.[5]
According to Preston, the assistance of the Nanticokes in this campaign was negotiated in return for hunting and fishing rights. The campaign recruited men from a proportion of settler families in the area:
A colonial expedition with Major Thomas Ingram of Talbot County as field commander was quickly organized. He was authorized to raise an army of 400 men, including 60 from Talbot, by drafting every tenth able-bodied man in the province. Each man was to supply his own clothing, gun, sword, powder, shot, and flints, and every sixth man was to bring along an axe. Details of the war that followed have been lost, but it was certainly a great success from the whites' point of view. Philemon Lloyd, colonel of the Talbot militia who took part, later reported with grim satisfaction that it had "been brought to an end by the defeat and total destruction of a nation of savages called the Wicomesses." As nearly as can be determined, not a single man, woman, or child, was left alive.[5]
Other sources argue that Ozinie assimilated with the neighboring Nanticokes by the 1660s.[4][2]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d William B. Cronin, The Disappearing Islands of the Chesapeake, p. 41.
- ^ a b c "Maryland at a Glance: Native Americans". Maryland Manual On-Line. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ a b Seidel, John (28 December 2022). "Indigenous Cultural Landscape Study of the Chester and Sassafras River Watersheds" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ a b c "Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d Preston, Dickson J.; Harrington, Norman (1983). Talbot County: a history (1st ed.). Centreville, Md: Tidewater Publishers. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-0-87033-305-7.
References
edit- Cronin, William B. (2005). The Disappearing Islands of the Chesapeake. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801874352.
- Seidel, John (28 December 2022). Indigenous Cultural Landscape Study of the Chester and Sassafrass River Watersheds. Chestertown, MD: Washington College. https://home.nps.gov/cajo/learn/upload/CAJO_FINAL-ICL-REPORT_2023_0314-508.pdf
- Preston, Dickson J. (1983). Talbot County: a history (1st ed.). Centreville, MD: Tidewater P.