In statistics, the one in ten rule is a rule of thumb for how many predictor parameters can be estimated from data when doing regression analysis (in particular proportional hazards models in survival analysis and logistic regression) while keeping the risk of overfitting and finding spurious correlations low. The rule states that one predictive variable can be studied for every ten events.[1][2][3][4] For logistic regression the number of events is given by the size of the smallest of the outcome categories, and for survival analysis it is given by the number of uncensored events.[3] In other words: for each feature we need 10 observations/labels.
For example, if a sample of 200 patients is studied and 20 patients die during the study (so that 180 patients survive), the one in ten rule implies that two pre-specified predictors can reliably be fitted to the total data. Similarly, if 100 patients die during the study (so that 100 patients survive), ten pre-specified predictors can be fitted reliably. If more are fitted, the rule implies that overfitting is likely and the results will not predict well outside the training data. It is not uncommon to see the 1:10 rule violated in fields with many variables (e.g. gene expression studies in cancer), decreasing the confidence in reported findings.[5]
Improvements
editA "one in 20 rule" has been suggested, indicating the need for shrinkage of regression coefficients, and a "one in 50 rule" for stepwise selection with the default p-value of 5%.[4][6] Other studies, however, show that the one in ten rule may be too conservative as a general recommendation and that five to nine events per predictor can be enough, depending on the research question.[7]
More recently, a study has shown that the ratio of events per predictive variable is not a reliable statistic for estimating the minimum number of events for estimating a logistic prediction model.[8] Instead, the number of predictor variables, the total sample size (events + non-events) and the events fraction (events / total sample size) can be used to calculate the expected prediction error of the model that is to be developed.[9] One can then estimate the required sample size to achieve an expected prediction error that is smaller than a predetermined allowable prediction error value.[9]
Alternatively, three requirements for prediction model estimation have been suggested: the model should have a global shrinkage factor of ≥ .9, an absolute difference of ≤ .05 in the model's apparent and adjusted Nagelkerke R2, and a precise estimation of the overall risk or rate in the target population.[10] The necessary sample size and number of events for model development are then given by the values that meet these requirements.[10]
Other modalities
editFor highly correlated input data the one-in-10 rule (10 observations or labels needed per feature) may not be directly applicable due to the high correlation of the features: For images there is a rule of thumb that per class 1000 examples are needed.[11] This would mean that for a binary classification of images (with fictive 1000 pixel x 1000 pixel per image, i.e. 1 000 000 features per image), we would only require 2000 labels /1 000 0000 pixel = 0.002 labels per pixel or 0.002 labels per feature. This is however only due to the high (spatial) correlation of pixels.
Literature
edit- David A. Freedman (1983) A Note on Screening Regression Equations, The American Statistician, 37:2, 152-155, doi:10.1080/00031305.1983.10482729
References
edit- ^ Harrell, F. E. Jr.; Lee, K. L.; Califf, R. M.; Pryor, D. B.; Rosati, R. A. (1984). "Regression modelling strategies for improved prognostic prediction". Stat Med. 3 (2): 143–52. doi:10.1002/sim.4780030207. PMID 6463451.
- ^ Harrell, F. E. Jr.; Lee, K. L.; Mark, D. B. (1996). "Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors" (PDF). Stat Med. 15 (4): 361–87. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::aid-sim168>3.0.co;2-4. PMID 8668867.
- ^ a b Peduzzi, Peter; Concato, John; Kemper, Elizabeth; Holford, Theodore R.; Feinstein, Alvan R. (1996). "A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 49 (12): 1373–1379. doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00236-3. PMID 8970487.
- ^ a b "Chapter 8: Statistical Models for Prognostication: Problems with Regression Models". Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Ernest S. Shtatland, Ken Kleinman, Emily M. Cain. Model building in Proc PHREG with automatic variable selection and information criteria. Paper 206–30 in SUGI 30 Proceedings, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania April 10–13, 2005. http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi30/206-30.pdf
- ^ Steyerberg, E. W.; Eijkemans, M. J.; Harrell, F. E. Jr.; Habbema, J. D. (2000). "Prognostic modelling with logistic regression analysis: a comparison of selection and estimation methods in small data sets". Stat Med. 19 (8): 1059–1079. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000430)19:8<1059::aid-sim412>3.0.co;2-0. PMID 10790680.
- ^ Vittinghoff, E.; McCulloch, C. E. (2007). "Relaxing the Rule of Ten Events per Variable in Logistic and Cox Regression". American Journal of Epidemiology. 165 (6): 710–718. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk052. PMID 17182981.
- ^ van Smeden, Maarten; de Groot, Joris A. H.; Moons, Karel G. M.; Collins, Gary S.; Altman, Douglas G.; Eijkemans, Marinus J. C.; Reitsma, Johannes B. (2016-11-24). "No rationale for 1 variable per 10 events criterion for binary logistic regression analysis". BMC Medical Research Methodology. 16 (1): 163. doi:10.1186/s12874-016-0267-3. ISSN 1471-2288. PMC 5122171. PMID 27881078.
- ^ a b van Smeden, Maarten; Moons, Karel Gm; de Groot, Joris Ah; Collins, Gary S.; Altman, Douglas G.; Eijkemans, Marinus Jc; Reitsma, Johannes B. (2018-01-01). "Sample size for binary logistic prediction models: Beyond events per variable criteria". Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 28 (8): 2455–2474. doi:10.1177/0962280218784726. ISSN 1477-0334. PMC 6710621. PMID 29966490.
- ^ a b Riley, Richard D.; Snell, Kym IE; Ensor, Joie; Burke, Danielle L.; Jr, Frank E. Harrell; Moons, Karel GM; Collins, Gary S. (2018). "Minimum sample size for developing a multivariable prediction model: PART II - binary and time-to-event outcomes". Statistics in Medicine. 38 (7): 1276–1296. doi:10.1002/sim.7992. ISSN 1097-0258. PMC 6519266. PMID 30357870.
- ^ Applications of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Education. (2022). USA: IGI Global. Page 53, https://books.google.com/books?id=l59lEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22one%20in%20ten%20rule%22%20%20images%20machine%20learning&pg=PA53