"On Ilkla Mooar Baht 'at" (Standard English: On Ilkley Moor without a hat)[2] is a folk song from Yorkshire, England. It is sung in the Yorkshire dialect, and is considered the official anthem of Yorkshire.[3] It is sung to the hymn tune "Cranbrook", composed by Thomas Clark in 1805; while according to Andrew Gant, the words were composed by members of Halifax Church Choir "some 50 years after Clark wrote his melody", on an outing to Ilkley Moor near Ilkley, West Yorkshire.[4][5] It is classified as numbers 2143 and 19808 in the Roud Folk Song Index.
| English: "On Ilkley Moor without a hat" | |
|---|---|
 Ilkley Moor, setting of the song | |
Official regional anthem of Yorkshire | |
| Lyrics | Unknown, 1850s–1870s |
| Music | Thomas Clark[1], 1805 |
Theme
editThe song tells of a lover courting the object of his affections, Mary Jane, on Ilkley Moor without a hat (baht 'at). The singer chides the lover for his lack of headwear – for in the cold winds of Ilkley Moor this will mean his death from exposure. This will in turn result in his burial, the eating of his corpse by worms, the eating of the worms by ducks and finally the eating of the ducks by the singers.
In The Yorkshire Dictionary (Arnold Kellett, 2002) it was said the song (i.e., the lyrics) probably originated from the Halifax area, based on the dialect which is not common to all areas of Yorkshire.
The title is seen in various transcriptions of the dialect, but is most commonly On Ilkla Mooar [or Moor] baht 'at, i.e. "On Ilkley Moor without [wearing] thy (your) hat". Dr. Arnold Kellett reports the traditional belief that the song "came into being as a result of an incident that took place during a ramble and picnic on the moor. It is further generally believed that the ramblers were all on a chapel choir outing, from one of the towns in the industrial West Riding".[5]
The first published version of the words appeared in 1916, when it was described as "a dialect song which, for at least two generations past, has been sung in all parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire".[6] Arnold Kellett judged that the song "could well have originated in the early years of the second half of the [19th] century, and not as late as 1877".[7]
Tune
editIt is sung to the Methodist hymn tune "Cranbrook" (composed by Canterbury-based shoemaker Thomas Clark in 1805); this was published by him in 1805 in "A Sett of Psalm & Hymn Tunes with some Select Pieces and an Anthem", setting the words of Philip Doddridge's "Grace! 'Tis a Charming Sound".[8] It was later used as a tune for "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks By Night"), but the "Ilkla Moor" song became so popular that the origin of the music as a hymn tune has been almost forgotten in the United Kingdom.[9]
It is still used for the traditional words "While Shepherds Watched" in some churches including Leeds Parish Church and St Aidan's Church in Manor Parish, Sheffield, but no longer widely recognised as a hymn or carol tune in the United Kingdom.
Cranbrook continues in use as a hymn tune in the United States, where it was not adopted as the tune of a popular secular song and is customarily used with the lyrics of Philip Doddridge's "Grace! 'Tis a Charming Sound".[10][11]
Collected versions
editEFDSS director Douglas Kennedy collected a version in 1917 from a performer in Ilkley named Wilfred Hall, which was later printed in his son Peter Kennedy's book Folksongs of Britain & Ireland (1975).[12]
Several audio recordings have been made of traditional versions. Ken Stubbs recorded Albert Gartside of Delph in the West Riding singing the song in 1964,[13] whilst Fred Hamer recorded William Bleasdale singing a version in the village of Chipping in Lancashire some time in the 1950s or 60s.[14] The American folklorist Helen Hartness Flanders recorded a version in her hometown of Springfield, Vermont[15] and another in Naushon Isle, Massachusetts[16] in the 1940s, suggesting that the song had made its way to North America with immigrants from Yorkshire.
Lyrics
editThe lyrics consist of a sequence of similar verses, each consisting of seven lines, with one mutable element: while the first, third and fourth lines are the same in each verse, they change with each following verse. In these lines, the words on the last two beats are repeated in the first and third lines, but not in the fourth line. The other lines do not change; all verses feature the same second, fifth, sixth and seventh lines, "On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at".
Lyrics in Yorkshire dialect Lyrics with spelling, but not grammar, standardised Interpretation in Standard English Wheear es-ta bin sin Ah saw thee, Ah saw thee? Where has thou been since I saw thee, I saw thee? Where have you been since I saw you, I saw you? On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at On Ilkley Moor but[a] hat On Ilkley Moor without a hat Wheear es-ta bin sin Ah saw thee, Ah saw thee?
Wheear es-ta tha bin sin Ah saw thee?Where has thou been since I saw thee, I saw thee?
Where hast thou been since I saw thee?Where have you been since I saw you, I saw you?
Where have you been since I saw you?On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at
On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at
On Ilkla Mooar baht 'atOn Ilkley Moor but hat
On Ilkley Moor but hat
On Ilkley Moor but hatOn Ilkley Moor without a hat
On Ilkley Moor without a hat
On Ilkley Moor without a hatTha's been a-cooartin' Mary Jane Thou has been a-courting Mary Jane You've been courting Mary Jane Tha's bahn to ketch thi deeath o' cowd Thou is bound to catch thy death of cold You're bound to catch your death of cold Then we s'll 'e to bury thee Then we shall have to bury thee Then we will have to bury you Then t'wurrums'll come an' eyt thee up Then the worms will come and eat thee up Then the worms will come and eat you up Then t'ducks'll come an' eyt up t'wurrums Then the ducks will come and eat up the worms Then the ducks will come and eat up the worms Then we s'll come an' eyt up t'ducks Then we shall come and eat up the ducks Then we will come and eat up the ducks Then we s'll all 'e etten thee Then we shall all have eaten thee Then we will all have eaten you That's wheear we get us ooan back That's where we get us own back That's where we get our own back
The lyrics include many features of the Yorkshire dialect such as definite article reduction, H-dropping, and traditional second-person singular pronouns.
Many sources[17][18] give the first line as "Wheear wor-ta bahn when Ah saw thee?" (Where were you going when I saw you), though "Wheear es-ta bin sin Ah saw thee" is the more common version nowadays.
Some singers add the responses "without tha trousers on" after the fourth line of each verse, and "where the ducks play football" after the seventh. Other variations include "where the nuns play rugby", "where the sheep fly backwards", "where the ducks fly backwards", "where the ducks wear trousers", "an' they've all got spots", and "where they've all got clogs on".
Also in some recitals, after the first two lines of "On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at" it is followed by a "Where's that?" Another variant adds "Howzat?" after the first line and "Not out!" after the second. In Leeds the line immediately before the chorus is often ended with "And we all got wet". In the United States, "Then we will go and eat up the ducks" is often followed by a shouted "Up the Ducks!"[citation needed]
There are also alternative endings, where verse nine states: "There is a moral to this tale", and is followed by a chorus of "Don't go without your hat / Don't go without your hat / On Ilkey moor baht 'at" (which is sung commonly within West Yorkshire), or "Don't go a courtin' Mary Jane" (another variation known in the Scouting movement). Alternatively, verse nine is sung as "There is a moral to this tale", and verse ten as "When courtin' always wear a hat".
Usage
editTelevision
edit- Yorkshire Television – pre-programme ident 1968–1989 and 1996–2002
- Go With Noakes – 1970s BBC children's television programme
- Let's Pretend – 1980s ITV children's television programme. The tune is heard at the rising of the curtain.
- The Onedin Line – 1970s BBC series. The song is heard in multiple episodes.
- Clouds of Witness – TV adaptation of Dorothy Sayers' murder mystery
- Heartbeat – sung by character Alf Ventress in an episode entitled "In The Bleak Midwinter" (series 14, episode 13, first aired 26 December 2004)
- A Woman of Substance – 1980s BBC miniseries based on the book of the same name by Barbara Taylor Bradford – sung in Episode 1.3 by heroine Emma Harte (Jenny Seagrove) while she takes a bubble bath.
- All Creatures Great and Small – first season of TV series, and film
- A distorted version of the chorus is sung by Eccles (Spike Milligan) in an episode of The Goon Show
- United – in this 2011 BBC2 drama, Mark Jones (Thomas Howes) leads the other Busby Babes in a brief rendition of the song at a reception in Belgrade, before their ill-fated flight via Munich.[citation needed]
- The Great British Sewing Bee used the song in the first episode of its eighth series, to mark the programme's relocation from London to Leeds.
Commercial recordings
edit- Pete Seeger recorded live in concert at Mandel Hall in 1957 (2-CD set).
- British orchestra leader Alyn Ainsworth recorded the song for Parlophone Records in 1959.
- George Formby sang the second verse and the chorus in a medley of British folk songs.
- Chumbawamba – hidden track on Just Look At Me Now CD single; however this is not a Chumbawamba performance but an anonymous rendering from a vinyl recording
- Ted Heath recorded a big band swing arrangement of the song in 1945
- Bill Oddie – 1970[19] a parody of the Joe Cocker arrangement of the Lennon–McCartney song "With a Little Help from My Friends"
- Ronnie Hilton recorded a version entitled "Elland Road Baht' at" as a tribute song for Leeds United AFC in 1964.
- Burl Ives recorded a version entitled "Ilkey Moor Bar'tat" with the Disneyland Childrens Chorus in 1964.
Other usage
edit- The song was sung by soldiers during the Second World War.[20]
- The Yorkshire Regiment – 4th Battalion's Quick March.[citation needed]
- Anita Rani introduced this song to a class of Chinese primary school children during an improvised English lesson on the BBC TV programme China on Four Wheels which was broadcast in 2012.[citation needed]
- A parody "On Exmoor Baht At" was widely sung at student and Young Liberal conferences in the 1970s, referring to the Thorpe affair. It remains in the Liberal Democrats Glee Club songbook to this day.[21]
- A contemporary rendition was produced by Welcome to Yorkshire for Yorkshire Day 2013. It features a rap by Brian Blessed, as well as an operatic verse by soprano Lesley Garrett.[22]
- Eric Fenby composed an overture in the style of Rossini, entitled Rossini on Ilkla Moor.[23]
- The 2024 video game Thank Goodness You're Here! features multiple versions of the song.
References
edit- ^ Adams, Stephen (15 December 2009). "Carol 'While Shepherds Watch' was sung to 'Ilkley Moor' tune". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Word Recognition". Yorkshire Dialect Society. 29 October 2007.
- ^ "The National Anthem of Yorkshire 'God's own county'". DKSnakes.co.uk. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007.
- ^ Gant, Andrew. Christmas Carols from Village Green to Church Choir. Profile Books. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-78125-352-6.
- ^ a b Kellett, Arnold (1998). On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at: the story of the song. Smith Settle. p. 55. ISBN 1-85825-109-5.
We can at least clear the ground by looking at the most widely accepted tradition that On Ilkla Mooar came into being as a result of an incident that took place during a ramble and picnic on the moor. It is further generally believed that the ramblers were all on a chapel choir outing, from one of the towns in the industrial West Riding.
- ^ Kellett, Arnold (1998). On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at: the story of the song. Smith Settle. p. 83. ISBN 1-85825-109-5.
- ^ Kellett, Arnold (1998). On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at: the story of the song. Smith Settle. p. 89. ISBN 1-85825-109-5.
- ^ Gant, Andrew. Christmas Carols from Village Green to Church Choir. Profile Books. pp. 113–5. ISBN 978-1-78125-352-6.
- ^ Ian C. Bradley (1997), Abide with me: the world of Victorian hymns, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-57999-010-7
- ^ See, e.g., John P. Wiegand, editor, Praise for the Lord (Expanded edition) (Nashville, TN: Praise Press / 21st Century Christian, 1997), Item 199.
- ^ "Grace! 'Tis a Charming Sound". Cyberhymnal. Retrieved 7 November 2008. But note that the default tune here is not Cranbrook.
- ^ "On Ilkla Moor Bah T'at (Roud Folksong Index S156942)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "On Ilkley Moor [On Oldham Edge] (VWML Song Index SN29578)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "On Ilkley Moor Baht 'At (Roud Folksong Index S431076)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "On Ilkla Mor Beart At (Roud Folksong Index S272543)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "On Ilkla Mor Beart At (Roud Folksong Index S272544)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "On Ilkley Moor Baht 'at (On Ilkley Moor Without a Hat • Yorkshire's "National Anthem")". Msgr.ca. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ "On Ilkley Moor Baht 'At". Ilkley.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ "Bill Oddie On Ilkla Moor Baht'at UK Promo 7" vinyl single". Eil.com. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "On Ilkley Moor Bar T'at (Roud Folksong Index S403622)". The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "Liberator: The Songbook – The Glory Days". Hpcc.ecs.soton.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ "Yorkshire aims at youth with its cannibalistic anthem". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ "Eric Fenby: unsung hero of music". Thompsonian. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ meaning "without," a sense which in Standard English is restricted to phrases like "everything but the kitchen sink"; see https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baht#Etymology_2
Published versions
edit- Rise Up Singing, Peter Blood and Annie Patterson, editors, 1988, page 74 ISBN 1-881322-13-0
Further reading
edit- Kellett, Arnold (1998). On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at: the story of the song. Smith Settle. ISBN 1-85825-109-5.